The Experts below are selected from a list of 15816 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sophien Kamoun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Oomycetes, effectors, and all that jazz
Current opinion in plant biology, 2012Co-Authors: Tolga O. Bozkurt, Sebastian Schornack, Mark J. Banfield, Sophien KamounAbstract:Plant pathogenic Oomycetes secrete a diverse repertoire of effector proteins that modulate host innate immunity and enable parasitic infection. Understanding how effectors evolve, translocate and traffic inside host cells, and perturb host processes are major themes in the study of oomycete-plant interactions. The last year has seen important progress in the study of oomycete effectors with, notably, the elucidation of the 3D structures of five RXLR effectors, and novel insights into how cytoplasmic effectors subvert host cells. In this review, we discuss these and other recent advances and highlight the most important open questions in oomycete effector biology.
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Oomycete-plant coevolution: recent advances and future prospects.
Current opinion in plant biology, 2010Co-Authors: Marco Thines, Sophien KamounAbstract:Oomycetes are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that have colonised many ecological niches; yet more than 60% of the known species are parasitic on plants. Parasitism of plants has evolved several times independently in three different lineages of the Oomycota. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the diversity, evolution and lifestyles of plant parasitic Oomycetes. We then report on recent advances in molecular studies on oomycete-plant interactions with a particular emphasis on work with oomycete effectors. In the future, genome sequencing of a broader spectrum of oomycete species will expand our knowledge of pathogenicity mechanisms and will likely reveal novel structural and functional classes of effectors.
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RXLR effectors of plant pathogenic Oomycetes.
Current opinion in microbiology, 2007Co-Authors: William Morgan, Sophien KamounAbstract:Oomycetes are a phylogenetically distinct group of organisms that include some of the most devastating plant pathogens. Recent characterization of four oomycete Avr genes revealed that they encode effector proteins with a common modular structure, including a N-terminal conserved RXLR motif. Several lines of evidence initially indicated, with support from more recent works, that these Avr proteins are secreted by the pathogen and then translocated into the host cell during infection. In addition to elucidating the machinery required for host-cell transport, future works remain to determine the myriad virulence functions of oomycete RXLR effector proteins.
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Oomycete genomics: new insights and future directions.
FEMS microbiology letters, 2007Co-Authors: Kurt Lamour, Joe Win, Sophien KamounAbstract:The Oomycetes form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms that are relatively closely related to photosynthetic algae such as brown algae and diatoms. Plant pathogenic species, notably those of the genus Phytophthora, are the best-studied Oomycetes. The genomes of four Phytophthora and one downy mildew species were recently sequenced resulting in novel insights on the evolution and pathogenesis of Oomycetes. This review highlights key findings that emerged from these studies and discusses the future challenges for oomycete research.
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A Catalogue of the Effector Secretome of Plant Pathogenic Oomycetes
Annual review of phytopathology, 2006Co-Authors: Sophien KamounAbstract:Abstract The Oomycetes form a phylogenetically distinct group of eukaryotic microorganisms that includes some of the most notorious pathogens of plants. Oomycetes accomplish parasitic colonization of plants by modulating host cell defenses through an array of disease effector proteins. The biology of effectors is poorly understood but tremendous progress has been made in recent years. This review classifies and catalogues the effector secretome of Oomycetes. Two classes of effectors target distinct sites in the host plant: Apoplastic effectors are secreted into the plant extracellular space, and cytoplasmic effectors are translocated inside the plant cell, where they target different subcellular compartments. Considering that five species are undergoing genome sequencing and annotation, we are rapidly moving toward genome-wide catalogues of oomycete effectors. Already, it is evident that the effector secretome of pathogenic Oomycetes is more complex than expected, with perhaps several hundred proteins ded...
Sebastian Schornack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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N-acetyltransferase AAC(3)-I confers gentamicin resistance to Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora infestans.
BMC microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Edouard Evangelisti, Temur Yunusov, Liron Shenhav, Sebastian SchornackAbstract:Oomycetes are pathogens of mammals, fish, insects and plants, and the potato late blight agent Phytophthora infestans and the oil palm and cocoa infecting pathogen Phytophthora palmivora cause economically impacting diseases on a wide range of crop plants. Increasing genomic and transcriptomic resources and recent advances in oomycete biology demand new strategies for genetic modification of Oomycetes. Most oomycete transformation procedures rely on geneticin-based selection of transgenic strains. We established N-acetyltransferase AAC(3)-I as a gentamicin-based selectable marker for oomycete transformation without interference with existing geneticin resistance. Strains carrying gentamicin resistance are fully infectious in plants. We further demonstrate the usefulness of this new antibiotic selection to super-transform well-characterized, already fluorescently-labelled P. palmivora strains and provide a comprehensive protocol for maintenance and zoospore electro-transformation of Phytophthora strains to aid in plant-pathogen research. N-acetyltransferase AAC(3)-I is functional in Phytophthora Oomycetes. In addition, the substrate specificity of the AAC(3)-I enzyme allows for re-transformation of geneticin-resistant strains. Our findings and resources widen the possibilities to study oomycete cell biology and plant-oomycete interactions.
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Hydrodynamic Shape Changes Underpin Nuclear Rerouting in Branched Hyphae of an Oomycete Pathogen
mBio, 2019Co-Authors: Edouard Evangelisti, Temur Yunusov, Liron Shenhav, Marie Le Naour-vernet, Philipp Rink, Sebastian SchornackAbstract:Multinucleate fungi and Oomycetes are phylogenetically distant but structurally similar. To address whether they share similar nuclear dynamics, we carried out time-lapse imaging of fluorescently labeled Phytophthora palmivora nuclei. Nuclei underwent coordinated bidirectional movements during plant infection. Within hyphal networks growing in planta or in axenic culture, nuclei either are dragged passively with the cytoplasm or actively become rerouted toward nucleus-depleted hyphal sections and often display a very stretched shape. Benomyl-induced depolymerization of microtubules reduced active movements and the occurrence of stretched nuclei. A centrosome protein localized at the leading end of stretched nuclei, suggesting that, as in fungi, astral microtubule-guided movements contribute to nuclear distribution within oomycete hyphae. The remarkable hydrodynamic shape adaptations of Phytophthora nuclei contrast with those in fungi and likely enable them to migrate over longer distances. Therefore, our work summarizes mechanisms which enable a near-equal nuclear distribution in an oomycete. We provide a basis for computational modeling of hydrodynamic nuclear deformation within branched tubular networks. IMPORTANCE Despite their fungal morphology, Oomycetes constitute a distinct group of protists related to brown algae and diatoms. Many Oomycetes are pathogens and cause diseases of plants, insects, mammals, and humans. Extensive efforts have been made to understand the molecular basis of oomycete infection, but durable protection against these pathogens is yet to be achieved. We use a plant-pathogenic oomycete to decipher a key physiological aspect of oomycete growth and infection. We show that oomycete nuclei travel actively and over long distances within hyphae and during infection. Such movements require microtubules anchored on the centrosome. Nuclei hydrodynamically adapt their shape to travel in or against the flow. In contrast, fungi lack a centrosome and have much less flexible nuclei. Our findings provide a basis for modeling of flexible nuclear shapes in branched hyphal networks and may help in finding hard-to-evade targets to develop specific antioomycete strategies and achieve durable crop disease protection.
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Oomycete Interactions with Plants: Infection Strategies and Resistance Principles
Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 2015Co-Authors: Stuart Fawke, Mehdi Doumane, Sebastian SchornackAbstract:SUMMARY The Oomycota include many economically significant microbial pathogens of crop species. Understanding the mechanisms by which Oomycetes infect plants and identifying methods to provide durable resistance are major research goals. Over the last few years, many elicitors that trigger plant immunity have been identified, as well as host genes that mediate susceptibility to oomycete pathogens. The mechanisms behind these processes have subsequently been investigated and many new discoveries made, marking a period of exciting research in the oomycete pathology field. This review provides an introduction to our current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms used by Oomycetes, including elicitors and effectors, plus an overview of the major principles of host resistance: the established R gene hypothesis and the more recently defined susceptibility (S) gene model. Future directions for development of oomycete-resistant plants are discussed, along with ways that recent discoveries in the field of oomycete-plant interactions are generating novel means of studying how pathogen and symbiont colonizations overlap.
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Oomycetes, effectors, and all that jazz
Current opinion in plant biology, 2012Co-Authors: Tolga O. Bozkurt, Sebastian Schornack, Mark J. Banfield, Sophien KamounAbstract:Plant pathogenic Oomycetes secrete a diverse repertoire of effector proteins that modulate host innate immunity and enable parasitic infection. Understanding how effectors evolve, translocate and traffic inside host cells, and perturb host processes are major themes in the study of oomycete-plant interactions. The last year has seen important progress in the study of oomycete effectors with, notably, the elucidation of the 3D structures of five RXLR effectors, and novel insights into how cytoplasmic effectors subvert host cells. In this review, we discuss these and other recent advances and highlight the most important open questions in oomycete effector biology.
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Ten things to know about oomycete effectors
Molecular plant pathology, 2009Co-Authors: Sebastian Schornack, Edgar Huitema, Liliana M. Cano, Tolga O. Bozkurt, Ricardo Oliva, Mireille Van Damme, Simon Schwizer, Sylvain Raffaele, Angela Chaparro-garcia, Rhys A. FarrerAbstract:Long considered intractable organisms by fungal genetic research standards, the Oomycetes have recently moved to the centre stage of research on plant-microbe interactions. Recent work on oomycete effector evolution, trafficking and function has led to major conceptual advances in the science of plant pathology. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on oomycete genetic research and summarize the state of the art in effector biology of plant pathogenic Oomycetes by describing what we consider to be the 10 most important concepts about oomycete effectors.
Javier Diéguez-uribeondo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Deciphering microbial landscapes of fish eggs to mitigate emerging diseases
The ISME Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Irene De Bruijn, Javier Diéguez-uribeondo, Allison Lh Jack, Keith Drynan, Albert H Van Den Berg, Even Thoen, Vladimir Sandoval-sierra, Ida Skaar, Pieter Van West, Menno Van Der VoortAbstract:Animals and plants are increasingly suffering from diseases caused by fungi and Oomycetes. These emerging pathogens are now recognized as a global threat to biodiversity and food security. Among Oomycetes, Saprolegnia species cause significant declines in fish and amphibian populations. Fish eggs have an immature adaptive immune system and depend on nonspecific innate defences to ward off pathogens. Here, meta-taxonomic analyses revealed that Atlantic salmon eggs are home to diverse fungal, oomycete and bacterial communities. Although virulent Saprolegnia isolates were found in all salmon egg samples, a low incidence of Saprolegniosis was strongly correlated with a high richness and abundance of specific commensal Actinobacteria, with the genus Frondihabitans (Microbacteriaceae) effectively inhibiting attachment of Saprolegnia to salmon eggs. These results highlight that fundamental insights into microbial landscapes of fish eggs may provide new sustainable means to mitigate emerging diseases.
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Reprint of: The diversity of Oomycetes on crayfish: Morphological vs. molecular identification of cultures obtained while isolating the crayfish plague pathogen.
Fungal biology, 2014Co-Authors: Eva Kozubíková-balcarová, Jiři Svoboda, Ondřej Koukol, Maria P Martin, Adam Petrusek, Javier Diéguez-uribeondoAbstract:Numerous Oomycetes colonise the crayfish cuticle, the best known being the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci. Although other Oomycetes associated with crayfish complicate the isolation and molecular detection of A. astaci, their diversity is little known. To improve this knowledge, we analysed 95 oomycete isolates obtained during attempts to isolate A. astaci from crayfish presumably infected by this pathogen. We characterized the isolates morphologically and by sequencing of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. We identified 13 taxa by molecular analysis. Ten of them were assigned to five genera; the remaining three were affiliated with the order Saprolegniales but could not be reliably assigned to any genus. Morphological identification to species level was only possible for 15 % of isolates; all corresponded to Saprolegnia ferax, which was confirmed by ITS sequencing. The most frequently isolated species were S. ferax and Saprolegnia australis. Only seven isolates of A. astaci were obtained, all from one disease outbreak. We show that oomycete cultures obtained as by-products of parasite isolation are valuable for oomycete diversity studies, but morphological identification may uncover only a fraction of their diversity. Further, we show that crayfish may be frequently associated with potentially serious parasites of other organisms.
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The diversity of Oomycetes on crayfish: morphological vs. molecular identification of cultures obtained while isolating the crayfish plague pathogen.
Fungal biology, 2013Co-Authors: Eva Kozubíková-balcarová, Jiři Svoboda, Ondřej Koukol, Maria P Martin, Adam Petrusek, Javier Diéguez-uribeondoAbstract:Numerous Oomycetes colonise the crayfish cuticle, the best known being the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci. Although other Oomycetes associated with crayfish complicate the isolation and molecular detection of A. astaci, their diversity is little known. To improve this knowledge, we analysed 95 oomycete isolates obtained during attempts to isolate A. astaci from crayfish presumably infected by this pathogen. We characterized the isolates morphologically and by sequencing of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. We identified 13 taxa by molecular analysis. Ten of them were assigned to five genera; the remaining three were affiliated with the order Saprolegniales but could not be reliably assigned to any genus. Morphological identification to species level was only possible for 15 % of isolates; all corresponded to Saprolegnia ferax, which was confirmed by ITS sequencing. The most frequently isolated species were S. ferax and Saprolegnia australis. Only seven isolates of A. astaci were obtained, all from one disease outbreak. We show that oomycete cultures obtained as by-products of parasite isolation are valuable for oomycete diversity studies, but morphological identification may uncover only a fraction of their diversity. Further, we show that crayfish may be frequently associated with potentially serious parasites of other organisms.
Brett M. Tyler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Expansion and Divergence of Argonaute Genes in the Oomycete Genus Phytophthora.
Frontiers in microbiology, 2018Co-Authors: Stephanie R. Bollmann, Brett M. Tyler, Caroline M. Press, Niklaus J. GrünwaldAbstract:Modulation of gene expression through RNA interference is well conserved in eukaryotes and is involved in many cellular processes. In the oomycete Phytophthora, research on the small RNA machinery and function has started to reveal potential roles in the pathogen, but much is still unknown. We examined Argonaute (AGO) homologs within Oomycetes, especially among Phytophthora species, to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of this well-conserved protein family. We identified AGO homologs across many representative oomycete and stramenopile species, and annotated representative homologs in P. sojae. Furthermore, we demonstrate variable expression levels of all identified AGO homologs in comparison to previously identified Dicer-like (DCL) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) homologs. Our phylogenetic analysis further refines the relationship of the AGO homologs in Oomycetes and identifies a conserved tandem duplication of AGO homologs in a subset of Phytophthora species.
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Expansion and Divergence of Argonaute Genes in the Oomycete Genus Phytophthora
Frontiers Media S.A., 2018Co-Authors: Stephanie R. Bollmann, Brett M. Tyler, Caroline M. Press, Niklaus J. GrünwaldAbstract:Modulation of gene expression through RNA interference is well conserved in eukaryotes and is involved in many cellular processes. In the oomycete Phytophthora, research on the small RNA machinery and function has started to reveal potential roles in the pathogen, but much is still unknown. We examined Argonaute (AGO) homologs within oomycete genome sequences, especially among Phytophthora species, to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of this well-conserved protein family. We identified AGO homologs across many representative oomycete and stramenopile species, and annotated representative homologs in P. sojae. Furthermore, we demonstrate variable transcript levels of all identified AGO homologs in comparison to previously identified Dicer-like (DCL) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) homologs. Our phylogenetic analysis further refines the relationship of the AGO homologs in Oomycetes and identifies a conserved tandem duplication of AGO homologs in a subset of Phytophthora species
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Table_1_Expansion and Divergence of Argonaute Genes in the Oomycete Genus Phytophthora.DOCX
2018Co-Authors: Stephanie R. Bollmann, Brett M. Tyler, Caroline M. Press, Niklaus J. GrünwaldAbstract:Modulation of gene expression through RNA interference is well conserved in eukaryotes and is involved in many cellular processes. In the oomycete Phytophthora, research on the small RNA machinery and function has started to reveal potential roles in the pathogen, but much is still unknown. We examined Argonaute (AGO) homologs within oomycete genome sequences, especially among Phytophthora species, to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of this well-conserved protein family. We identified AGO homologs across many representative oomycete and stramenopile species, and annotated representative homologs in P. sojae. Furthermore, we demonstrate variable transcript levels of all identified AGO homologs in comparison to previously identified Dicer-like (DCL) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) homologs. Our phylogenetic analysis further refines the relationship of the AGO homologs in Oomycetes and identifies a conserved tandem duplication of AGO homologs in a subset of Phytophthora species.
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Data_Sheet_3_Expansion and Divergence of Argonaute Genes in the Oomycete Genus Phytophthora.FASTA
2018Co-Authors: Stephanie R. Bollmann, Brett M. Tyler, Caroline M. Press, Niklaus J. GrünwaldAbstract:Modulation of gene expression through RNA interference is well conserved in eukaryotes and is involved in many cellular processes. In the oomycete Phytophthora, research on the small RNA machinery and function has started to reveal potential roles in the pathogen, but much is still unknown. We examined Argonaute (AGO) homologs within oomycete genome sequences, especially among Phytophthora species, to gain a clearer understanding of the evolution of this well-conserved protein family. We identified AGO homologs across many representative oomycete and stramenopile species, and annotated representative homologs in P. sojae. Furthermore, we demonstrate variable transcript levels of all identified AGO homologs in comparison to previously identified Dicer-like (DCL) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) homologs. Our phylogenetic analysis further refines the relationship of the AGO homologs in Oomycetes and identifies a conserved tandem duplication of AGO homologs in a subset of Phytophthora species.
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Diverse Evolutionary Trajectories for Small RNA Biogenesis Genes in the Oomycete Genus Phytophthora.
Frontiers in plant science, 2016Co-Authors: Stephanie R. Bollmann, Brett M. Tyler, Yufeng Fang, Caroline M. Press, Niklaus J. GrünwaldAbstract:Gene regulation by small RNA pathways is ubiquitous among eukaryotes, but little is known about small RNA pathways in the Stramenopile kingdom. Phytophthora, a genus of filamentous Oomycetes, contains many devastating plant pathogens, causing multibillion-dollar damage to crops, ornamental plants, and natural environments. The genomes of several Oomycetes including Phytophthora species such as the soybean pathogen P. sojae, have been sequenced, allowing evolutionary analysis of small RNA-processing enzymes. This study examined the evolutionary origins of the oomycete small RNA-related genes Dicer-like (DCL), and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDR) through broad phylogenetic analyses of the key domains. Two Dicer gene homologs, DCL1 and DCL2, and one RDR homolog were cloned and analyzed from P. sojae. Gene expression analysis revealed only minor changes in transcript levels among different life stages. Oomycete DCL1 homologs clustered with animal and plant Dicer homologs in evolutionary trees, whereas oomycete DCL2 homologs clustered basally to the tree along with Drosha homologs. Phylogenetic analysis of the RDR homologs confirmed a previous study that suggested the last common eukaryote ancestor possessed three RDR homologs, which were selectively retained or lost in later lineages. Our analysis clarifies the position of some Unikont and Chromalveolate RDR lineages within the tree, including oomycete homologs. Finally, we analyzed alterations in the domain structure of oomycete Dicer and RDR homologs, specifically focusing on the proposed domain transfer of the DEAD-box helicase domain from Dicer to RDR. Implications of the oomycete domain structure are discussed, and possible roles of the two oomycete Dicer homologs are proposed.
Pieter Van West - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Secretion, delivery and function of oomycete effector proteins.
Current opinion in microbiology, 2012Co-Authors: Stephan Wawra, Lars Löbach, Rodrigo Belmonte, Marcia Saraiva, Ariane Willems, Pieter Van WestAbstract:Oomycetes are responsible for multi-billion dollar damages in aquaculture, agriculture and forestry. One common strategy they share with most cellular disease agents is the secretion of effector proteins. Effectors are molecules that change host physiology by initiating and allowing an infection to develop. Oomycetes secrete both extracellular and intracellular effectors. Studying secretion, delivery and function of effectors will hopefully lead to alternative control measures, which is much needed as several chemicals to control plant and animal pathogenic Oomycetes cannot be used anymore; due to resistance in the host, or because the control measures have been prohibited as a result of toxicity to the environment and/or consumers. Here the latest findings on oomycete effector secretion, delivery and function are discussed.
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a molecular insight into algal oomycete warfare cdna analysis of ectocarpus siliculosus infected with the basal oomycete eurychasma dicksonii
PLOS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Laura J Grenvillebriggs, Claire M M Gachon, Martina Strittmatter, Lieven Sterck, Frithjof C Kupper, Pieter Van WestAbstract:Brown algae are the predominant primary producers in coastal habitats, and like land plants are subject to disease and parasitism. Eurychasma dicksonii is an abundant, and probably cosmopolitan, obligate biotrophic oomycete pathogen of marine brown algae. Oomycetes (or water moulds) are pathogenic or saprophytic non-photosynthetic Stramenopiles, mostly known for causing devastating agricultural and aquacultural diseases. Whilst molecular knowledge is restricted to crop pathogens, pathogenic Oomycetes actually infect hosts from most eukaryotic lineages. Molecular evidence indicates that Eu. dicksonii belongs to the most early-branching oomycete clade known so far. Therefore Eu. dicksonii is of considerable interest due to its presumed environmental impact and phylogenetic position. Here we report the first large scale functional molecular data acquired on the most basal oomycete to date. 9873 unigenes, totalling over 3.5Mb of sequence data, were produced from Sanger-sequenced and pyrosequenced EST libraries of infected Ectocarpus siliculosus. 6787 unigenes (70%) were of algal origin, and 3086 (30%) oomycete origin. 57% of Eu. dicksonii sequences had no similarity to published sequence data, indicating that this dataset is largely unique. We were unable to positively identify sequences belonging to the RXLR and CRN groups of oomycete effectors identified in higher Oomycetes, however we uncovered other unique pathogenicity factors. These included putative algal cell wall degrading enzymes, cell surface proteins, and cyclophilin-like proteins. A first look at the host response to infection has also revealed movement of the host nucleus to the site of infection as well as expression of genes responsible for strengthening the cell wall, and secretion of proteins such as protease inhibitors. We also found evidence of transcriptional reprogramming of E. siliculosus transposable elements and of a viral gene inserted in the host genome.
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Zoospore development in the Oomycetes
Fungal Biology Reviews, 2007Co-Authors: Claire A. Walker, Pieter Van WestAbstract:Abstract Oomycetes cause destructive diseases on both animals and plants. The epidemic spread of oomycete diseases is primarily based on rapid dispersal from host to host by free swimming zoospores. These single-nucleated spores are formed in sporangia and are only released in aqueous environments. Oomycetes are classified in the Kingdom of the Stramenopiles or Chromista, which is comprised of several organisms, including the golden brown algae. The unique shared attribute found in most Stramenopiles is the morphology of the zoospores and especially the structure of their two flagella. They have one tinsel flagellum, and one whiplash flagellum. Only the tinsel flagellum has distinctive flagellar hairs. Zoospore formation can occur within minutes and it is considered one of the fastest developmental processes in any biological system. Once released from the sporangium they are able to exhibit chemotactic responses, electrotaxis, and autotaxis or autoaggregation to target new hosts for infection. Here we discuss the latest discoveries in the development and biology of the oomycete zoospore.
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Expressed sequence tags from the oomycete fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica reveal putative virulence factors
BMC microbiology, 2005Co-Authors: Trudy Torto-alalibo, Pieter Van West, Miaoying Tian, Kamal Gajendran, Mark E. Waugh, Sophien KamounAbstract:Background The oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica is one of the most economically important fish pathogens. There is a dramatic recrudescence of Saprolegnia infections in aquaculture since the use of the toxic organic dye malachite green was banned in 2002. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenicity in S. parasitica and other animal pathogenic Oomycetes. In this study we used a genomics approach to gain a first insight into the transcriptome of S. parasitica.
