The Experts below are selected from a list of 48366 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Enedir Ghisi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Environmental benefit analysis of strategies for Potable Water savings in residential buildings.
Journal of environmental management, 2017Co-Authors: Ana Kelly Marinoski, Ricardo Forgiarini Rupp, Enedir GhisiAbstract:Abstract The objective of this study is to assess the environmental benefit of using rainWater, greyWater, Water-efficient appliances and their combinations in low-income houses. The study was conducted surveying twenty households located in southern Brazil, which resulted in Water end-uses estimation. Then, embodied energy, potential for Potable Water savings and sewage reduction when using the different strategies were estimated. The environmental benefit analysis of these strategies was performed using an indicator that includes embodied energy, Potable Water savings, reduction of sewage and energy consumption in the Water utility, and sewage production during the life cycle of the system. The results indicated that the strategy with the greatest environmental benefit is the use of Water-efficient appliances, which resulted in substantial Water savings and reduction of sewage, causing low environmental impact due to lower embodied energy over the life cycle.
-
assessment of Potable Water savings in office buildings considering embodied energy
Water Resources Management, 2013Co-Authors: Lucio Costa Proenca, Enedir GhisiAbstract:The objective of this article is to assess the potential for Potable Water savings in office buildings located in Florianopolis, southern Brazil. The embodied energy of four alternatives to reduce Potable Water demand, i.e., rainWater harvesting, greyWater reuse, dual-flush toilets and Water-saving taps, was also assessed. The analyses took into account the Potable Water end-uses for ten buildings. The potential for Potable Water savings by using rainWater, as well as, the rainWater tank sizing were estimated using computer simulation. As for greyWater reuse, it was considered that greyWater from lavatory taps could be treated and reused to flush toilets. The potential for Potable Water savings by using Water-saving plumbing fixtures was estimated by considering the replacement of toilets and taps. In order to estimate the embodied energy in the main components, each system was dimensioned and embodied energy indices were applied. The main result is that the potential for Potable Water savings by using dual-flush toilets ranges from 21.6 % to 57.4 %; by reusing greyWater, it ranges from 6.8 % to 38.4 %; by using rainWater, it ranges from 6.1 % to 21.2 %; by using Water-saving taps it ranges from 2.7 % to 15.4 %. However, by considering the embodied energy, the average for the ten buildings indicates that dual-flush toilets are the best choice as it is possible to obtain Water savings of 5.50 m3/month per GJ of embodied energy, followed, respectively, by Water-saving taps, greyWater reuse and rainWater usage. The main conclusion is that the assessment of embodied energy should be considered when evaluating Potable Water savings in buildings as it helps to identify the best alternatives to save more Water while causing less environmental impact.
-
rainWater harvesting in petrol stations in brasilia potential for Potable Water savings and investment feasibility analysis
Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2009Co-Authors: Enedir Ghisi, Davi Da Fonseca Tavares, Vinicius Luis RochaAbstract:Abstract RainWater harvesting is an important way of optimizing the usage of Water resources and promoting sustainable development. The objective of this article is to evaluate the potential for Potable Water savings by using rainWater for washing vehicles in petrol stations located in Brasilia, Brazil. An investment feasibility analysis was also performed. The study was carried out by using Neptune, a computer programme for rainWater harvesting analysis. Rainfall data from two meteorological stations were considered, as well as different rainWater collecting areas, tank capacities, number of washings, and Potable and rainWater demands. As for the rainWater demands, they were considered as a percentage of the Potable Water demand, varying according to the day of the week. The tank capacities were varied at increments of 1000 L. The investment feasibility analysis was performed for three different cases, taking into account the potential for Potable Water savings. It was observed that the average potential for Potable Water savings by using rainWater is 32.7%, but it can vary from 9.2% to 57.2%. The main conclusion obtained from this work is that using rainWater for washing vehicles in petrol stations in Brasilia is a feasible investment for most cases as the net present value is positive for an interest rate of 1% per month.
-
potential for Potable Water savings by using rainWater and greyWater in a multi storey residential building in southern brazil
Building and Environment, 2007Co-Authors: Enedir Ghisi, Daniel F FerreiraAbstract:Abstract Studies on the use of rainWater and greyWater to promote Potable Water savings have been performed in different countries. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the potential for Potable Water savings by using rainWater and greyWater in a multi-storey residential building composed of three blocks, located in Florianopolis, southern Brazil. Water end-uses were estimated by applying questionnaires and measuring Water flow rates. An economic analysis was performed to evaluate the cost effectiveness of using rainWater and greyWater either separately or together. Results show that the average potential for Potable Water savings range from 39.2% to 42.7% amongst the three blocks, considering that Water for toilet flushing, clothes washing and cleaning does not need to be Potable. By using rainWater, the Potable Water savings would actually range from 14.7% to 17.7%. When greyWater is considered alone, Potable Water savings are higher, i.e., ranging from 28.7% to 34.8%. As for the use of rainWater and greyWater combined, the Potable Water savings range from 36.7% to 42.0%. The main conclusion that can be made from the research is that the three systems that were investigated are cost effective as the payback periods were lower than 8 years, but the greyWater system was the most cost effective one, followed closely by the rainWater one.
-
rainWater tank capacity and potential for Potable Water savings by using rainWater in the residential sector of southeastern brazil
Building and Environment, 2007Co-Authors: Enedir Ghisi, Diego Lapolli Bressan, Mauricio MartiniAbstract:Abstract RainWater has been used in many countries as a way of minimising Water availability problems. In Brazil, it has been reported that the potential for Potable Water savings by using rainWater may range from 48% to 100% depending on the geographic region. In southeastern Brazil, Water availability is about 4500 m 3 per capita per year, but it is predicted to be lower than 1000 m 3 per capita per year from about 2100 onwards. The main objective of this article is to evaluate the potential for Potable Water savings by using rainWater in 195 cities located in southeastern Brazil. RainWater tank sizes are also assessed for some cities in order to evaluate the ideal tank capacity as a function of Potable Water demand and rainWater demand. Results indicate that average potential for Potable Water savings range from 12% to 79% per year for the cities analysed. Ideal rainWater tank capacities for dwellings with low Potable Water demand range from about 2000 to 20,000 litres depending on rainWater demand. For dwellings with high Potable Water demand, ideal rainWater tank capacities range from about 3000 to 7000 litres. The main conclusion drawn from the research is that the average potential for Potable Water savings in southeastern Brazil is 41%. It was also concluded that rainWater tank capacity has to be determined for each location and dwelling as it depends strongly on Potable Water demand and rainWater demand.
Dimitris V. Vayenas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
hydrogenotrophic denitrification of Potable Water a review
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2010Co-Authors: K A Karanasios, I A Vasiliadou, Stavros Pavlou, Dimitris V. VayenasAbstract:Several approaches of hydrogenotrophic denitrification of Potable Water as well as technical data and mathematical models that were developed for the process are reviewed. Most of the applications that were tested for hydrogenotrophic process achieved great efficiency, high denitrification rates, and operational simplicity. Moreover, this paper reviews the variety of reactor configurations that have been used for hydrogen gas generation and efficient hydrogen delivery. Microbial communities and species that participate in the denitrification process are also reported. The variation of nitrate concentration, pH, temperature, alkalinity, carbon and microbial acclimation was found to affect the denitrification rates. The main results regarding research progress on hydrogenotrophic denitrification are evaluated. Finally, the commonly used models and simulation approaches are discussed.
-
simultaneous biological removal of ammonia iron and manganese from Potable Water using a trickling filter
Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Athanasia G Tekerlekopoulou, Dimitris V. VayenasAbstract:Abstract A pilot-scale trickling filter with dual layer support material was constructed and tested for simultaneous biological removal of ammonia, iron and manganese from Potable Water. The performance of the trickling filter was tested at constant hydraulic loading of 226 m 3 /m 2 d while feed concentrations of iron, ammonia and manganese were varied between 0.5 and 4.0, 0.5 and 3.0, and 0.5 and 1.3 mg/l, respectively. The system was inoculated with a mixed culture and a series of experiments was performed to investigate the interactions among ammonia, iron and manganese removal when simultaneously present in the trickling filter. The oxidation reduction potential increased along the filter depth from about 150 to 600 mV, depending on the feed concentrations, thus enabling one-stage simultaneous removal of the three pollutants. Ammonia and iron drastically affected manganese oxidation and manganese was found to be the rate-limiting pollutant. The results are presented using an operating diagram of the system, that determines the range of operating conditions resulting in optimal operation, keeping iron, ammonia and manganese concentration under the maximum permitted limits in Potable Water.
-
ammonia iron and manganese removal from Potable Water using trickling filters
Desalination, 2007Co-Authors: Athanasia G Tekerlekopoulou, Dimitris V. VayenasAbstract:Pilot scale trickling filters were constructed and tested in order to study biological removal of ammonia, iron and manganese from Potable Water. The effect of the size of the support material on nitrification performance was studied extensively. The mean size of the gravel and hence, the specific surface area was found to be critical for optimal nitrification operation. A steady-state model developed in previous work was used to predict filter's performance. The model was very accurate only for the gravel size for which maximum nitrification rates were observed. The effect of the operational conditions on the physico-chemical and combined physico-chemical and biological iron oxidation was also studied. It was found that the contribution of biological oxidation is significant, increasing filter's efficiency by about 6% and reducing the required filter depth by about 40%. Manganese biological removal was studied using gravel with small mean diameter, thus providing high specific surface area. Feed concentrations up to 4.0 mg/l were treated sufficiently. Finally, experiments were performed to investigate the simultaneous removal of ammonia, iron and manganese. Experimental results showed that the combined, as well as the simultaneous removal of the aforementioned pollutants, can be achieved by single-step filtration.
Athanasia G Tekerlekopoulou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
simultaneous biological removal of ammonia iron and manganese from Potable Water using a trickling filter
Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Athanasia G Tekerlekopoulou, Dimitris V. VayenasAbstract:Abstract A pilot-scale trickling filter with dual layer support material was constructed and tested for simultaneous biological removal of ammonia, iron and manganese from Potable Water. The performance of the trickling filter was tested at constant hydraulic loading of 226 m 3 /m 2 d while feed concentrations of iron, ammonia and manganese were varied between 0.5 and 4.0, 0.5 and 3.0, and 0.5 and 1.3 mg/l, respectively. The system was inoculated with a mixed culture and a series of experiments was performed to investigate the interactions among ammonia, iron and manganese removal when simultaneously present in the trickling filter. The oxidation reduction potential increased along the filter depth from about 150 to 600 mV, depending on the feed concentrations, thus enabling one-stage simultaneous removal of the three pollutants. Ammonia and iron drastically affected manganese oxidation and manganese was found to be the rate-limiting pollutant. The results are presented using an operating diagram of the system, that determines the range of operating conditions resulting in optimal operation, keeping iron, ammonia and manganese concentration under the maximum permitted limits in Potable Water.
-
ammonia iron and manganese removal from Potable Water using trickling filters
Desalination, 2007Co-Authors: Athanasia G Tekerlekopoulou, Dimitris V. VayenasAbstract:Pilot scale trickling filters were constructed and tested in order to study biological removal of ammonia, iron and manganese from Potable Water. The effect of the size of the support material on nitrification performance was studied extensively. The mean size of the gravel and hence, the specific surface area was found to be critical for optimal nitrification operation. A steady-state model developed in previous work was used to predict filter's performance. The model was very accurate only for the gravel size for which maximum nitrification rates were observed. The effect of the operational conditions on the physico-chemical and combined physico-chemical and biological iron oxidation was also studied. It was found that the contribution of biological oxidation is significant, increasing filter's efficiency by about 6% and reducing the required filter depth by about 40%. Manganese biological removal was studied using gravel with small mean diameter, thus providing high specific surface area. Feed concentrations up to 4.0 mg/l were treated sufficiently. Finally, experiments were performed to investigate the simultaneous removal of ammonia, iron and manganese. Experimental results showed that the combined, as well as the simultaneous removal of the aforementioned pollutants, can be achieved by single-step filtration.
S J Judd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
chemical cleaning of Potable Water membranes the cost benefit of optimisation
Water Research, 2010Co-Authors: Nicandro Porcelli, S J JuddAbstract:A study of the variability in chemical cleaning factors on permeability recovery for Potable Water microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) systems has been carried out employing a cost model simulating plant fouling and cleaning regimes. The impact of a range of operating and cleaning factors on operating cost variation was computed using algorithms describing operational and cleaning factor relationships with permeability recovery data measured from bench scale tests on fibres sampled from full-scale operational plants. The model proceeded through sequencing of the cleaning and backwashing operations to generate transmembrane pressure (TMP), and so head loss, transients. A number of cleaning scenarios were considered for each plant, based on employing either a threshold TMP or fixed chemical cleaning intervals. The resulting TMP profiles were then converted to operational costs. The effect of the variability in permeability recovery on annual operating costs was calculated for each of the simulations. It was evident that significant operating cost reductions were possible from optimisation of the cleaning protocol. Cost benefit varied according to facets of plant design and operation; the innate variability in permeability recovery precluded the correlation of cleaning efficacy with fouling characteristics.
-
chemical cleaning of Potable Water membranes a review
Separation and Purification Technology, 2010Co-Authors: Nicandro Porcelli, S J JuddAbstract:Abstract The literature on chemical cleaning of polymeric hollow fibre ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes used in the filtration of Water for municipal Water supply is reviewed. The review considers the chemical cleaning mechanism, and the perceived link between this and membrane fouling by natural organic matter (NOM)—the principal foulant in municipal Potable Water applications. Existing chemical cleaning agents used for this duty are considered individually and their cleaning action described, along with the most commonly applied cleaning protocols (i.e. the cleaning conditions, cleaning sequence and method of cleaning agent application). It is concluded that chemical cleaning is poorly understood and not extensively investigated, in marked contrast to the much more widely studied area of membrane fouling generally, for which there are thousands of published studies. Studies of chemical cleaning specifically have instead been generally limited either to qualitative measurements, such as the use of surface or other analytical tools to characterise membrane foulants and record their removal, or incidental permeability recovery recorded from cleaning events during pilot or full-scale trials. It is proposed that a chemical cleaning index is needed, analogous to the recently proposed general membrane fouling index, based on empirical data to inform cleaning protocols for specific duties and feedWater quality.
Michael S Roberts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
disinfection of spacecraft Potable Water systems by photocatalytic oxidation using uv a light emitting diodes
41st International Conference of Environmental Systems, 2011Co-Authors: Michele Birmele, Jeremy A Oneal, Michael S RobertsAbstract:Ultraviolet (UV) light has long been used in terrestrial Water treatment systems for photodisinfection and the removal of organic compounds by several processes including photoadsorption, photolysis, and photocatalytic oxidation/reduction. Despite its effectiveness for Water treatment, UV has not been explored for spacecraft applications because of concerns about the safety and reliability of mercury-containing UV lamps. However, recent advances in ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV LEDs) have enabled the utilization of nanomaterials that possess the appropriate optical properties for the manufacture of LEDs capable of producing monochromatic light at germicidal wavelengths. This report describes the testing of a commercial-off-the-shelf, high power Nichia UV-A LED (250mW A365nnJ for the excitation of titanium dioxide as a point-of-use (POD) disinfection device in a Potable Water system. The combination of an immobilized, high surface area photocatalyst with a UV-A LED is promising for Potable Water system disinfection since toxic chemicals and resupply requirements are reduced. No additional consumables like chemical biocides, absorption columns, or filters are required to disinfect and/or remove potentially toxic disinfectants from the Potable Water prior to use. Experiments were conducted in a static test stand consisting of a polypropylene microtiter plate containing 3mm glass balls coated with titanium dioxide. Wells filled with Water were exposed to ultraviolet light from an actively-cooled UV-A LED positioned above each well and inoculated with six individual challenge microorganisms recovered from the International Space Station (ISS): Burkholderia cepacia, Cupriavidus metallidurans, Methylobacterium fujisawaense, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Wautersia basilensis. Exposure to the Nichia UV-A LED with photocatalytic oxidation resulted in a complete (>7-log) reduction of each challenge bacteria population in <180 minutes of contact time. With continued advances in the design and manufacture of UV-A LEDs and semi-conducting photocatalysts, LED activated photochemical process technology promises to extend its application to spacecraft environmental systems.
