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Tessa Diphoorn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • surveillance of the surveillers regulation of the Private Security Industry in south africa and kenya
    African Studies Review, 2016
    Co-Authors: Tessa Diphoorn
    Abstract:

    The growth of the Private Security Industry on the African continent has resulted in an expanding labor force engaged in surveillance-type activities. This article analyzes various levels of regulation of Private Security officers as a form of surveillance. Based on qualitative methodology, it compares the numerous regulatory efforts implemented by the state, Industry, and companies of the Private Security Industry in Kenya and South Africa and shows that although different, they essentially share the ultimate aim of controlling Private Security officers, i.e., to implement a means of “surveillance of the surveillers.” Resume: La croissance de l’industrie de la securite privee sur le continent africain a donne lieu a une main-d’œuvre en expansion engagee dans des activites de type de surveillance. Cet article analyse les differents niveaux de reglementation des agents de securite prives comme forme de surveillance. Base sur la methodologie qualitative, il compare les nombreux efforts de reglementation mis en œuvre par l’Etat, l’industrie et les entreprises de l’industrie de securite privee au Kenya et en Afrique du Sud et montre que, bien que differents, ils partagent tous essentiellement le but ultime de controler les agents de securite prives, a savoir, de mettre en œuvre un moyen de “surveillance des surveillants.”

  • Typologies of partnership policing: case studies from urban South Africa
    Policing & Society, 2013
    Co-Authors: Tessa Diphoorn, Julie Berg
    Abstract:

    In the contemporary pluralised landscape of policing, partnerships between public and Private policing bodies are often the norm, rather than the exception. This is particularly the case for South Africa, where partnering between the state police and Private Security Industry has a long history. Through focusing on different types of partnerships between the state police and the Private Security Industry in urban South Africa, this article shows that the generally applied ‘junior-partner’ model does not reflect the complexity and diversity of public–Private policing partnerships. Through an analysis of unstructured and structured interactions between Private Security officers and police officers in different operational settings in three South African cities (Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban), this article shows how various forms of partnering – ranging from competitive and collaborative – simultaneously take place due to a range of different factors, such as the nature of information-sharing, personal ...

K. Pillay - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Introducing unit standards-based education and training methodology for Security practitioners - a South African perspective
    Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 2007
    Co-Authors: K. Pillay
    Abstract:

    Over the past 20 years, as the Private Security Industry in South Africa grew at a rapid rate, there have been ongoing concerns raised at the generally low levels of professionalisation and specialisation within the broader Private Security sector. Furthermore, with the provision of various training courses - often of short duration and suspect quality - by unregulated or non-accredited training centres, many of the fly-by-night variety or using unqualified trainers, there have been justifiable concerns on the side of various roleplayers and Industry commentators at the lack of quality control and standardisation. Originally in the late 1980s, the regulatory body responsible for the Industry, the Security Officers' Board, developed standard training courses; however these were only aimed at guards (levels E-A). With the growing sophistication of the Industry as a whole, and the need for further professionalisation and training beyond that of the ground-level practitioner (i e guard) level, a limited number of educational institutions developed certificate, diploma and national diploma tertiary qualifications for Security practitioners in the mid-1990s, and at a later stage a degree for Security management. While these efforts assisted in the further professionalisation and growth of a Security manager cadre for the Industry, the need for better quality control and content evaluation of all the available training course offerings in South Africa arose. In addition, the technical and specialisation demands of the changing operations of the Industry as a whole placed additional demands on training providers for the Industry. These changes were made in conjunction with the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) requirements for the generation of unit standards by the Industry Standard Generating Boards (SGBs). This process was further facilitated by the recent Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between the current regulatory agency, the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (SIRA,) and the Safety & Security Sector Education & Training Authority (SASSETA - formerly the POSLEC SETA), in terms of which SASSETA would assist SGBs with the generation of unit standards as well as the accreditation of training service providers. However, these initiatives were limited to training up to SAQA level 4. In respect of SAQA levels 5-9 it remained the prerogative of the tertiary institutions themselves to recurriculate and develop new courses. This article traces some of these processes, the problems encountered, and looks at future training and educational needs that might arise in the Private Security Industry in South Africa in order to service and provide for the ever more complex training needs of this particular Industry.

  • Private Security officers as victims of trauma and stress : the South African experience and initiatives to manage it
    Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 2004
    Co-Authors: K. Pillay, C. Claase-schutte
    Abstract:

    Worldwide the Private Security Industry is showing exceptional growth. As perceptions of levels of crime worsen, people and organisations are making increasing use of Private forms of Security to protect themselves and their possessions. The strategic importance of the Private Security Industry from a safety and Security perspective is self-evident. Considerable trust is placed by clients in an Industry which has more resources available than the public police service, and South Africa is by no means exempted from this. Notwithstanding this phenomenal growth globally, the Private Security Industry in South Africa is now faced with new challenges as levels of crime increase and criminal activity becomes more sophisticated. Criminals are acting with impunity and more Private Security officers are becoming the victims and targets of such wanton violence. This paper seeks to elucidate the view that the Private Security officers, especially those involved in armed guarding and the movement of cash, are subjected to enormous amounts of stress in the line of their daily working conditions. Consequently this manifests itself in the high levels of stress experienced as a result of the fact that these officers are increasingly becoming victims of cash-in-transit heists, armed robbery and violent shoot-outs. From the research that was undertaken the authors will : share real-life case studies on the nature and incidence of attacks on armed guards, elaborate on some of the factors which contribute to the victim's stress, and look at some initiatives undertaken from a practitioner level, to manage victims of stress in the Private Security Industry.

  • the south african Private Security Industry its phenomenal growth and current efforts to regulate the Industry
    Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 2002
    Co-Authors: K. Pillay
    Abstract:

    It is generally believed that the inclusion of a Security policy in the future business plans of trade and Industry is an internationally established practice aimed at overcoming the threat against profitability. Across the globe crime remains the single largest threat to society and South Africa is by no means an exception. This is a threat which not only endangers profitability but may also cause the collapse of an economic system.

  • reposioning the Private sector Security Industry in south africa in the 21 st century the need for professionalism of the Private Security practitioner
    Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 2001
    Co-Authors: K. Pillay
    Abstract:

    A significant mind shift is necessary if the Private Security Industry in South Africa is to survive. Contract Security providers need to increase their professionalism and should start seeing their employees as assets and a long-term investment. The aim of this paper is to elucidate the view that the Private Security Industry in South Africa will earn respect through better training and education, which will earn its employees more responsibility that adds value in the customer's eyes. It is generally believed that a Security policy should form part of the future business plans of trade and Industry and is an internationally established practice to overcome the threats against profitability. Across the globe, crime remains the single largest threat and South Africa is by no means an exception to this rule. It is the author's view that Security practice will only play a meaningful role if this career is to be practised as a profession, in accordance with the structural and functional requirements of trade and Industry. The Security services Industry in South Africa primarily serves and protects the interests and assets of commerce and Industry, in order to maintain profitability, economic growth and job creation, as well as to develop welfare and stability among the various communities. Professionalism of the Private Security Industry in South Africa will benefit South African society as a whole by enhancing the Security practitioner's business and financial management skills, labour relations skills, judicial and commercial knowledge and generally improving specialised Security practice. Furthermore, it is the contention that in the process, practitioners will be empowered and their competencies enhanced in the field of management, labour training, strategic organisational Security, the planning of asset protection strategies, Security risk assessment surveys, loss control measures, industrial Security and contingency planning. Given the above, the Private Security Industry in South Africa is here to stay, and will continue to complement the South African Police Service in its efforts to combat crime.

Mark Button - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The “New” Private Security Industry, the Private Policing of Cyberspace and the Regulatory Questions:
    Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 2019
    Co-Authors: Mark Button
    Abstract:

    This article explores the growth of the “new” Private Security Industry and Private policing arrangements, policing cyberspace. It argues there has been a significant change in policing which is eq...

  • Assessing the Regulation of Private Security across Europe
    European Journal of Criminology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Mark Button
    Abstract:

    In 2001, after 30 years of campaigning for regulation of the Private Security Industry in England and Wales, the Private Security Industry Act was finally passed. This legislation established a new nondepartmental public body called the Security Industry Authority (SIA). The SIA has a wide range of functions, but the most important relate to the licensing of individuals who operate in various sectors of the Private Security Industry subject to regulation. The system of regulation of the Private Security Industry in England and Wales, however, has fallen far short of that in other European countries. It is more reflective of the minimal governmental controls characteristic of the United States. One of the most significant weaknesses is the "approved contractors" scheme. It is voluntary, so in the cut-throat market of Security there is opportunity for some firms to undercut others by avoiding the costly standards that approved contractors must meet. The failure to regulate in-house Security guards is another significant omission of legislation and regulation. This means that a large number of Security officers will not be required to have a license. Some European countries, notably Spain, have realized that high standards of regulation for Private Security, along with other initiatives, can forge a Private Security force that complements and enhances the public Security infrastructure. In the face of the growing threat of terrorism and the many demands placed on public police, a well-trained and regulated Private Security Industry can expand the scope and increase the quality of Security for the public.

  • Security officers and policing powers culture and control in the governance of Private space
    2013
    Co-Authors: Mark Button
    Abstract:

    This volume examines how and to what extent Security officers make use of legal tools. The work identifies these tools and draws on two case-study sites to illustrate how Security officers make use of them as well as how they fit in broader Security systems to secure compliance. The study also examines the occupational culture of Security officers and links them into the broader systems of Security that operate to police nodes of governance. The book provides insights for researchers and policy-makers seeking to develop policy for the expanding Private Security Industry.

  • The Private Security Industry Act 2001 and the Security management gap in the United Kingdom
    Security Journal, 2011
    Co-Authors: Mark Button
    Abstract:

    The passing of the Private Security Industry Act 2001 introduced regulation to much of the Private Security Industry in England and Wales. This legislation has, however, only provided partial regulation, with several areas of the Private Security Industry subject to no or limited control. This article examines the gaps in the regulation of those who manage Security departments and companies. It illustrates some of the weaknesses in not fully regulating the management of Security and how this gap may have implications for the ultimate success of the legislation in transforming this sector, particularly in failing to change the culture of the Security Industry. The article concludes with a model for regulating Security managers, which could be used to enhance the UK regulatory system, but which could also be utilised in other jurisdictions where there is no or minimal regulation of Security managers.

  • The Private Security Industry in South Korea: A Familiar Tale of Growth, Gaps and the Need for Better Regulation
    Security Journal, 2006
    Co-Authors: Mark Button, Hyeonho Park
    Abstract:

    The growing literature on the growth, structure and regulation of Private Security has tended to focus upon the Australia, North America and Western Europe with relatively little published on other countries. South Korea is one such country where there has been little published and this paper seeks to provide some baseline information on the growth, structure and regulation of the Private Security Industry. The paper also explores some of the major issues and problems confronting the Industry and the findings suggest a familiar picture found in most other Security industries: spectacular growth, gaps in the legislative framework and the need for better regulation.

Julie Berg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Private Security Industry in South Africa: A review of applicable legislation
    South African journal of criminal justice, 2020
    Co-Authors: Julie Berg
    Abstract:

    The pre- and post- apartheid governments have been engaging with the Private Security Industry through the creation and enforcement of legislation to regulate the Industry. The new government, in particular, has been actively implementing legislation to further tighten restrictions and update older legislation. Considering these developments it is perhaps necessary to review all the legislative parameters, both old and new, directed at the Private Security Industry. The future role of Private Security in South Africa may depend on the success of the legislative attempts of the government and could be a preparation for a formal partnership with the public police.

  • Holding South Africa's Private Security Industry accountable : mechanisms of control and challenges to oversight
    Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Julie Berg
    Abstract:

    Media focus on the use of Private Security companies to provide access control for police buildings - as well as the spate of unrest and deaths associated with the Private Security strikes which took place throughout the country from April to June 2006 due to poor working conditions and low wages - has prompted a renewed interest in the Private Security Industry. Furthermore, during his 2007 State of the Nation Address, President Thabo Mbeki pointed out the inadequacy of the current regulatory system to hold the Private Security Industry accountable. The accountability of the Private Security Industry is particularly pertinent at this stage of South African history, due to the need to consolidate - more than a decade after the advent of democracy - the various mechanisms that were created to sustain a democratic, equitable society. In view of the above, the aim of this paper is to critically assess the current state of oversight over the Private Security Industry in South Africa. A review is provided of the internal, state and civilian oversight mechanisms which have been created to hold the Industry accountable, with a critical appraisal of the gaps left by the application of these mechanisms present. The nature of Private Security accountability and the contemporary challenges to ensuring effective oversight over the Industry are discussed against the background of the pluralisation of policing in South Africa.

  • Typologies of partnership policing: case studies from urban South Africa
    Policing & Society, 2013
    Co-Authors: Tessa Diphoorn, Julie Berg
    Abstract:

    In the contemporary pluralised landscape of policing, partnerships between public and Private policing bodies are often the norm, rather than the exception. This is particularly the case for South Africa, where partnering between the state police and Private Security Industry has a long history. Through focusing on different types of partnerships between the state police and the Private Security Industry in urban South Africa, this article shows that the generally applied ‘junior-partner’ model does not reflect the complexity and diversity of public–Private policing partnerships. Through an analysis of unstructured and structured interactions between Private Security officers and police officers in different operational settings in three South African cities (Cape Town, Johannesburg and Durban), this article shows how various forms of partnering – ranging from competitive and collaborative – simultaneously take place due to a range of different factors, such as the nature of information-sharing, personal ...

  • challenges to a formal Private Security Industry saps partnership lessons from the western cape
    Society in Transition, 2004
    Co-Authors: Julie Berg
    Abstract:

    Abstract The following paper attempts to gauge the possible future of policing in South Africa by assessing the nature of the relationship between the South African Police Service (SAPS) and Private Security companies operating in the Western Cape. An investigation was conducted whereby the current concerns within the Private Security Industry were assessed in relation to the developing relations with the SAPS. In so doing it was found that, despite the fact that there exists an informal co-operative relationship with the public police, there may be a number of inherent problems within the Private Security Industry hampering the creation of a formal relationship with the SAPS in the Western Cape. These inherent problems include, for example, the fact that the Industry is highly competitive and consumer-orientated (not necessarily community-orientated). Also that the Industry has a stigma attached to it and demonstrates a bureaucratic nature despite being run on business principles, and the accountability ...

P.j. Visser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Some noteworthy legal principles in terms of which the Private Security Industry is regulated in Spain : aantekeninge
    2020
    Co-Authors: P.j. Visser
    Abstract:

    Spain has one of the best developed legal frameworks in respect of the regulation of the Private Security Industry in Europe (see Ottens, Olschok and Landrock Recht und Organisation Privater Sicherheitsdienste in Europa (1999) 69). There exists a detailed regulatory framework which is in general properly enforced by the state authorities responsible for regulation (mainly the ministry of the interior).

  • Notes on the funding of the regulation of the Private Security Industry : aantekeninge
    2020
    Co-Authors: P.j. Visser
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this contribution is to describe and evaluate some of the legal provisions providing for the funding of the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (the authority). The authority is tasked with the regulation of the Private Security Industry in terms of the Private Security Industry Regulation Act 56 of 2001 (the act). The authority is a semi-autonomous statutory body which is not part of any department of state. There is no express provision for funding it from the National Revenue Fund (as contemplated in s 11 of the Public Finance Management Act 1 of 1999). The authority has to ensure its own funding (s 16 of the act).

  • A note on aspects of the emergence of an independent regulator for the Private Security Industry in South Africa : aantekeninge
    2020
    Co-Authors: P.j. Visser
    Abstract:

    The Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority ("the Authority") is the semi-autonomous, independent statutory body which currently undertakes the regulation of the Private Security Industry in South Africa in terms of the Private Security Industry Regulation Act 56 of 2001. This situation is the result of a period of legislative initiatives and reform spanning more than 20 years (see generally Grant "Private policing" 1989 Acta Juridica 92-117; Geldenhuys Sekuriteitsreg (1992) 181 et seq; Irish "Policing for profit: the future of South Africa's Private Security Industry" in ISS Monograph Series (1999) 36-40; Berg "The Private Security Industry in South Africa: a review of applicable legislation" 2003 SACR 178-196; Siebrits Regulation of the Private Security Industry (2001 dissertation SA) 69 et seq; Visser "Some thoughts on the reform of the law in terms of which the Private Security Industry in South Africa is regulated" 2000 Obiter 307-324; "Proposed changes regarding the nature and composition of the regulator of the Private Security Industry" 2001 De Jure 358-363; "Legal changes in the regulation of the Private Security Industry" 2004 Strategic Review for Southern Africa 1-22).

  • Certain duties of employers in the Private Security Industry toward Security officers in their employ : aantekeninge
    2020
    Co-Authors: P.j. Visser
    Abstract:

    The basic objects of regulating the Private Security Industry are to protect the national and the public interest by ensuring a legitimate Private Security Industry (s 3 of the Private Security Industry Regulation Act 56 of 2001). One of the further objects relevant for the purposes of this note, is the promotion, maintenance and protection of the status and interests of the occupation of Security service provider (s 3(h) of the act). The concept "Security service provider" includes "Security officer" (s 1(1) of the act).

  • Legal Changes in the Regulation of the Private Security Industry in South Africa
    The Strategic Review for Southern Africa, 2004
    Co-Authors: P.j. Visser
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT This article examines certain legal changes affecting the manner in which the state regulates the vast Private Security Industry in South Africa. Certain important changes were introduced in 2002 and have brought South Africa in line with some foreign jurisdictions (such as Spain, France, Brazil and Argentina) where there are strict laws regarding the regulation of Private Security. It is evident that the new regulatory model has considerably improved regulation of the Security Industry to promote and protect the national and the public interest. However, regulatory resources remain an obstacle to achieve all the objectives of regulation, there is opposition to regulation, and it is still too early to come to definitive conclusions as to the full impact of the new regulatory model. 1. INTRODUCTION South Africa has one of the largest Private Security industries in the world. Currently it consists of approximately 260 000 active registered Security officers and more than 4 100 Security businesses. It goes without saying that this Industry, which is estimated to be worth R14 000 million per year, plays a vital role in ensuring safety and Security through the delivery of a wide range of Security services and products. The Private Security Industry outnumbers the South African Police Service (SAPS) and the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) in terms of human resources. It also wields considerable de facto power. These facts do not only highlight the strategic and economic roles of Private Security but also provide a basic reason why it should be subject to proper regulation: it is obviously of importance to ensure that the Industry does not pose a threat to the public or the national interest and that it acts in terms of certain minimum professional standards. The tendency internationally is for the Private Security Industry to grow and for more sophisticated regulatory models to be devised to deal with this phenomenon. (1) The general norm in constitutional and democratic states is to allow the Security Industry to function and expand, but to subject it to proper state regulation. (2) There is as yet no general theory on the long-term goals of the Private Security Industry and the role that it should be allowed to play in relation to public policing. The general practice is for the Security Industry to undertake more and more functions regarding safety and Security that are traditionally within the jurisdiction of the state. Crime levels, as well as perceptions and fear of crime, have fuelled the exponential growth of the Private Security Industry in South Africa. The Industry has generally grown at a rate of almost 12 per cent per annum in terms of human resources. Regulation of the Security Industry in South Africa commenced in 1990 with the establishment of the Security Officers' Board in terms of the Security Officers Act, 1987 (Act No 92 of 1987). This legislation provided for a limited definition of the concept 'Security service' in that, for example, the following were not included in the scope of regulation: in-house or internal Security services; the provision of Security training; the making of Security services available to third parties other than consumers; the installation of Security equipment; and the occupational activities of locksmiths and Private investigators. It is important to note that representatives of the Security Industry were appointed by the Minister of Safety and Security to serve on the governing board of the Security Officers' Board and could thus influence the shape and manner in which regulation was undertaken. However, during 1995 the South African government (hereinafter referred to as 'the Government') took some initiatives to reform the way in which the Security Industry was to be regulated in future. It was felt, for example, that the scope of regulation was not wide enough, that too many Security services fell outside the ambit of regulation, and that the depth of regulation was insufficient since the regulatory body did not have enough statutory powers to exercise proper control over all relevant aspects. …