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Pierre E Rollin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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insights into Reston Virus spillovers and adaption from Virus whole genome sequences
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Cesar G Albarino, Lisa Wiggleton Guerrero, Harley M Jenks, Ayan K Chakrabarti, Thomas G Ksiazek, Pierre E Rollin, Stuart T. NicholAbstract:Reston Virus (family Filoviridae) is unique among the Viruses of the EbolaVirus genus in that it is considered non-pathogenic in humans, in contrast to the other members which are highly virulent. The Virus has however, been associated with several outbreaks of highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in non-human primates (NHPs), specifically cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) originating in the Philippines. In addition, Reston Virus has been isolated from domestic pigs in the Philippines. To better understand Virus spillover events and potential adaption to new hosts, the whole genome sequences of representative Reston Virus isolates were obtained using a next generation sequencing (NGS) approach and comparative genomic analysis and Virus fitness analyses were performed. Nine Virus genome sequences were completed for novel and previously described isolates obtained from a variety of hosts including a human case, non-human primates and pigs. Results of phylogenetic analysis of the sequence differences are consistent with multiple independent introductions of RESTV from a still unknown natural reservoir into non-human primates and swine farming operations. No consistent Virus genetic markers were found specific for Viruses associated with primate or pig infections, but similar to what had been seen with some Ebola Viruses detected in the large Western Africa outbreak in 2014–2016, a truncated version of VP30 was identified in a subgroup of Reston Viruses obtained from an outbreak in pigs 2008–2009. Finally, the genetic comparison of two closely related Viruses, one isolated from a human case and one from an NHP, showed amino acid differences in the viral polymerase and detectable differences were found in competitive growth assays on human and NHP cell lines.
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ebola Reston Virus infection of pigs clinical significance and transmission potential
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2011Co-Authors: Glenn A Marsh, Jessica Haining, Rachel Robinson, Adam J Foord, Manabu Yamada, Jennifer A Barr, Jean Payne, John R White, John Bingham, Pierre E RollinAbstract:In 2008, Reston ebolaVirus (REBOV) was isolated from pigs during a disease investigation in the Philippines. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and porcine circoVirus type 2 (PCV-2) infections were also confirmed in affected herds and the contribution of REBOV to the disease outbreak remains uncertain. We have conducted experimental challenge studies in 5-week-old pigs, with exposure of animals to 10(6) TCID(50) of a 2008 swine isolate of REBOV via either the oronasal or subcutaneous route. Replication of Virus in internal organs and viral shedding from the nasopharynx were documented in the absence of clinical signs of disease in infected pigs. These observations confirm not only that asymptomatic infection of pigs with REBOV occurs, but that animals so affected pose a transmission risk to farm, veterinary, and abattoir workers.
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ebola subtype Reston Virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the philippines to the united states
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999Co-Authors: Pierre E Rollin, Anthony Sanchez, David S Bressler, Joel R Williams, Stephen Pearson, Mark Cottingham, George Pucak, Sam G Trappier, Robert L Peters, Patricia W GreerAbstract:In April 1996, laboratory testing of imported nonhuman primates (as mandated by quarantine regulations) identified 2 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) infected with Ebola (subtype Reston) Virus in a US-registered quarantine facility. The animals were part of a shipment of 100 nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines. Two additional infected animals, who were thought to be in the incubation phase, were identified among the remaining 48 animals in the affected quarantine room. The other 50 macaques, who had been held in a separate isolation room, remained asymptomatic, and none of these animals seroconverted during an extended quarantine period. Due to the rigorous routine safety precautions, the facility personnel had no unprotected exposures and remained asymptomatic, and no one seroconverted. The mandatory quarantine and laboratory testing requirements, put in place after the original Reston outbreak in 1989-1990, were effective for detecting and containing Ebola Virus infection in newly imported nonhuman primates and minimizing potential human transmission.
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epidemiology of ebola subtype Reston Virus in the philippines 1996
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999Co-Authors: Mary Elizabeth Miranda, Anthony Sanchez, Thomas G Ksiazek, Pierre E Rollin, T J Retuya, Ali S Khan, Charles F Fulhorst, A B Calaor, D L ManaloAbstract:Ebola (subtype Reston [EBO-R]) Virus infection was detected in macaques imported into the United States from the Philippines in March 1996. Studies were initiated in the Philippines to identify the source of the Virus among monkey-breeding and export facilities, to establish surveillance and testing, and to assess the risk and significance of EBO-R infections in humans who work in these facilities. Over a 5-month period, acutely infected animals were found at only one facility, as determined using Ebola antigen detection. Three of 1732 monkeys and 1 of 246 animal handlers tested had detectable antibodies; all were from the same facility, which was the source of infected monkeys imported to the United States. Virus transmission, which was facilitated by poor infection-control practices, continued for several months in one facility and was stopped only when the facility was depopulated. None of the 246 employees of the facilities or 4 contacts of previously antibody-positive individuals reported an Ebola-like illness. This investigation suggests that human EBO-R infection is rare.
Ayato Takada - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Serological evidence of Ebola Virus infection in Indonesian orangutans
PLoS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: Chairul A. Nidom, Reviany V. Nidom, Mohamad Y. Alamudi, Syafril Daulay, Indi N L P Dharmayanti, Hiroko Miyamoto, Yoes Prijatna Dachlan, Eri Nakayama, Mohamad Amin, Manabu Igarashi, Reiko Yoshida, Ayato TakadaAbstract:Ebola Virus (EBOV) and Marburg Virus (MARV) belong to the family Filoviridae and cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite the discovery of EBOV (Reston Virus) in nonhuman primates and domestic pigs in the Philippines and the serological evidence for its infection of humans and fruit bats, information on the reservoirs and potential amplifying hosts for filoViruses in Asia is lacking. In this study, serum samples collected from 353 healthy Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Kalimantan Island, Indonesia, during the period from December 2005 to December 2006 were screened for filoVirus-specific IgG antibodies using a highly sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with recombinant viral surface glycoprotein (GP) antigens derived from multiple species of filoViruses (5 EBOV and 1 MARV species). Here we show that 18.4% (65/353) and 1.7% (6/353) of the samples were seropositive for EBOV and MARV, respectively, with little cross-reactivity among EBOV and MARV antigens. In these positive samples, IgG antibodies to viral internal proteins were also detected by immunoblotting. Interestingly, while the specificity for Reston Virus, which has been recognized as an Asian filoVirus, was the highest in only 1.4% (5/353) of the serum samples, the majority of EBOV-positive sera showed specificity to Zaire, Sudan, Cote d'Ivoire, or Bundibugyo Viruses, all of which have been found so far only in Africa. These results suggest the existence of multiple species of filoViruses or unknown filoVirus-related Viruses in Indonesia, some of which are serologically similar to African EBOVs, and transmission of the Viruses from yet unidentified reservoir hosts into the orangutan populations. Our findings point to the need for risk assessment and continued surveillance of filoVirus infection of human and nonhuman primates, as well as wild and domestic animals, in Asia.
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a system for functional analysis of ebola Virus glycoprotein
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1997Co-Authors: Ayato Takada, Clinton S Robison, Hideo Goto, Anthony Sanchez, Gopal K Murti, Michael A Whitt, Yoshihiro KawaokaAbstract:Ebola Virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, resulting in mortality rates of up to 90%. Studies of this Virus have been hampered by its extraordinary pathogenicity, which requires biosafety level 4 containment. To circumvent this problem, we developed a novel complementation system for functional analysis of Ebola Virus glycoproteins. It relies on a recombinant vesicular stomatitis Virus (VSV) that contains the green fluorescent protein gene instead of the receptor-binding G protein gene (VSVΔG*). Herein we show that Ebola Reston Virus glycoprotein (ResGP) is efficiently incorporated into VSV particles. This recombinant VSV with integrated ResGP (VSVΔG*-ResGP) infected primate cells more efficiently than any of the other mammalian or avian cells examined, in a manner consistent with the host range tropism of Ebola Virus, whereas VSVΔG* complemented with VSV G protein (VSVΔG*-G) efficiently infected the majority of the cells tested. We also tested the utility of this system for investigating the cellular receptors for Ebola Virus. Chemical modification of cells to alter their surface proteins markedly reduced their susceptibility to VSVΔG*-ResGP but not to VSVΔG*-G. These findings suggest that cell surface glycoproteins with N-linked oligosaccharide chains contribute to the entry of Ebola Viruses, presumably acting as a specific receptor and/or cofactor for Virus entry. Thus, our VSV system should be useful for investigating the functions of glycoproteins from highly pathogenic Viruses or those incapable of being cultured in vitro.
Anthony Sanchez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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epidemiology of ebola subtype Reston Virus in the philippines 1996
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999Co-Authors: Mary Elizabeth Miranda, Anthony Sanchez, Thomas G Ksiazek, Pierre E Rollin, T J Retuya, Ali S Khan, Charles F Fulhorst, A B Calaor, D L ManaloAbstract:Ebola (subtype Reston [EBO-R]) Virus infection was detected in macaques imported into the United States from the Philippines in March 1996. Studies were initiated in the Philippines to identify the source of the Virus among monkey-breeding and export facilities, to establish surveillance and testing, and to assess the risk and significance of EBO-R infections in humans who work in these facilities. Over a 5-month period, acutely infected animals were found at only one facility, as determined using Ebola antigen detection. Three of 1732 monkeys and 1 of 246 animal handlers tested had detectable antibodies; all were from the same facility, which was the source of infected monkeys imported to the United States. Virus transmission, which was facilitated by poor infection-control practices, continued for several months in one facility and was stopped only when the facility was depopulated. None of the 246 employees of the facilities or 4 contacts of previously antibody-positive individuals reported an Ebola-like illness. This investigation suggests that human EBO-R infection is rare.
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ebola subtype Reston Virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the philippines to the united states
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999Co-Authors: Pierre E Rollin, Anthony Sanchez, David S Bressler, Joel R Williams, Stephen Pearson, Mark Cottingham, George Pucak, Sam G Trappier, Robert L Peters, Patricia W GreerAbstract:In April 1996, laboratory testing of imported nonhuman primates (as mandated by quarantine regulations) identified 2 cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) infected with Ebola (subtype Reston) Virus in a US-registered quarantine facility. The animals were part of a shipment of 100 nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines. Two additional infected animals, who were thought to be in the incubation phase, were identified among the remaining 48 animals in the affected quarantine room. The other 50 macaques, who had been held in a separate isolation room, remained asymptomatic, and none of these animals seroconverted during an extended quarantine period. Due to the rigorous routine safety precautions, the facility personnel had no unprotected exposures and remained asymptomatic, and no one seroconverted. The mandatory quarantine and laboratory testing requirements, put in place after the original Reston outbreak in 1989-1990, were effective for detecting and containing Ebola Virus infection in newly imported nonhuman primates and minimizing potential human transmission.
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a system for functional analysis of ebola Virus glycoprotein
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1997Co-Authors: Ayato Takada, Clinton S Robison, Hideo Goto, Anthony Sanchez, Gopal K Murti, Michael A Whitt, Yoshihiro KawaokaAbstract:Ebola Virus causes hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates, resulting in mortality rates of up to 90%. Studies of this Virus have been hampered by its extraordinary pathogenicity, which requires biosafety level 4 containment. To circumvent this problem, we developed a novel complementation system for functional analysis of Ebola Virus glycoproteins. It relies on a recombinant vesicular stomatitis Virus (VSV) that contains the green fluorescent protein gene instead of the receptor-binding G protein gene (VSVΔG*). Herein we show that Ebola Reston Virus glycoprotein (ResGP) is efficiently incorporated into VSV particles. This recombinant VSV with integrated ResGP (VSVΔG*-ResGP) infected primate cells more efficiently than any of the other mammalian or avian cells examined, in a manner consistent with the host range tropism of Ebola Virus, whereas VSVΔG* complemented with VSV G protein (VSVΔG*-G) efficiently infected the majority of the cells tested. We also tested the utility of this system for investigating the cellular receptors for Ebola Virus. Chemical modification of cells to alter their surface proteins markedly reduced their susceptibility to VSVΔG*-ResGP but not to VSVΔG*-G. These findings suggest that cell surface glycoproteins with N-linked oligosaccharide chains contribute to the entry of Ebola Viruses, presumably acting as a specific receptor and/or cofactor for Virus entry. Thus, our VSV system should be useful for investigating the functions of glycoproteins from highly pathogenic Viruses or those incapable of being cultured in vitro.
Sarah Jayme - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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molecular evidence of ebola Reston Virus infection in philippine bats
Virology Journal, 2015Co-Authors: Sarah Jayme, Hume Field, Carol De Jong, Kevin J Olival, Glenn A Marsh, Anson Tagtag, Tom Hughes, Anthony C BucadAbstract:In 2008–09, evidence of Reston ebolaVirus (RESTV) infection was found in domestic pigs and pig workers in the Philippines. With species of bats having been shown to be the cryptic reservoir of filoViruses elsewhere, the Philippine government, in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, assembled a multi-disciplinary and multi-institutional team to investigate Philippine bats as the possible reservoir of RESTV. The team undertook surveillance of bat populations at multiple locations during 2010 using both serology and molecular assays. A total of 464 bats from 21 species were sampled. We found both molecular and serologic evidence of RESTV infection in multiple bat species. RNA was detected with quantitative PCR (qPCR) in oropharyngeal swabs taken from Miniopterus schreibersii, with three samples yielding a product on conventional hemi-nested PCR whose sequences differed from a Philippine pig isolate by a single nucleotide. Uncorroborated qPCR detections may indicate RESTV nucleic acid in several additional bat species (M. australis, C. brachyotis and Ch. plicata). We also detected anti-RESTV antibodies in three bats (Acerodon jubatus) using both Western blot and ELISA. The findings suggest that ebolaVirus infection is taxonomically widespread in Philippine bats, but the evident low prevalence and low viral load warrants expanded surveillance to elaborate the findings, and more broadly, to determine the taxonomic and geographic occurrence of ebolaViruses in bats in the region.
Mary Elizabeth Miranda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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risk assessment of ebola Reston Virus in humans in the philippines
Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal, 2019Co-Authors: Johnette A Penas, Mary Elizabeth Miranda, Vikki Carr De Los Reyes, Ma Nemia Sucaldito, Rio MagpantayAbstract:Objective There have been five documented outbreaks of Ebola Reston Virus (RESTV) in animals epidemiologically linked to the Philippines. This assessment was conducted to determine the risk of RESTV occurring in humans in the Philippines and its potential pathogenicity in humans. Methods The World Health Organization Rapid Risk Assessment of Acute Public Health Events Manual was used for the assessment. A literature review was done and a risk assessment matrix was used for the risk characterization of the outbreaks in the Philippines. The risk assessment was conducted by the Philippines Field Epidemiology Training Program. Results The risk of RESTV occurring in humans in the Philippines and its potential pathogenicity in humans were both assessed as moderate. Animals involved in RESTV outbreaks in the Philippines were non-human primates and domestic pigs. The presence of RESTV in pigs poses a possibility of genetic evolution of the Virus. Although RESTV has been identified in humans, there was no death or illness attributed to the infection. The Philippines Inter-agency Committee on Zoonoses oversees collaboration between the animal and human health sectors for the prevention and control of zoonoses. However, there is no surveillance of risk animals or previously affected farms to monitor and facilitate early identification of cases. Discussion The moderate risk of RESTV recurring among humans in the Philippines and its potential pathogenicity in humans reinforces the need for early detection, surveillance and continued studies of RESTV pathogenesis and its health consequences. The One Health approach, with the involvement and coordination of public health, veterinary services and the community, is essential in the detection, control and management of zoonosis.
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analysis of the humoral immune responses among cynomolgus macaque naturally infected with Reston Virus during the 1996 outbreak in the philippines
BMC Veterinary Research, 2012Co-Authors: Mary Elizabeth Miranda, Satoshi Taniguchi, Yusuke Sayama, Noriyo Nagata, Tetsuro Ikegami, Shumpei Watanabe, Itoe IizukaAbstract:EbolaViruses induce lethal viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) in humans and non-human primates, with the exceptions of Reston Virus (RESTV), which is not pathogenic for humans. In human VHF cases, extensive analyses of the humoral immune responses in survivors and non-survivors have shown that the IgG responses to nucleoprotein (NP) and other viral proteins are associated with asymptomatic and survival outcomes, and that the neutralizing antibody responses targeting ebolaViruses glycoprotein (GP1,2) are the major indicator of protective immunity. On the other hand, the immune responses in non-human primates, especially naturally infected ones, have not yet been elucidated in detail, and the significance of the antibody responses against NP and GP1,2 in RESTV-infected cynomolgus macaques is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the humoral immune responses of cynomolgus macaque by using serum specimens obtained from the RESTV epizootic in 1996 in the Philippines to expand our knowledge on the immune responses in naturally RESTV-infected non-human primates. The antibody responses were analyzed using IgG-ELISA, an indirect immunofluorescent antibody assay (IFA), and a pseudotyped VSV-based neutralizing (NT) assay. Antigen-capture (Ag)-ELISA was also performed to detect viral antigens in the serum specimens. We found that the anti-GP1,2 responses, but not the anti-NP responses, closely were correlated with the neutralization responses, as well as the clearance of viremia in the sera of the RESTV-infected cynomolgus macaques. Additionally, by analyzing the cytokine/chemokine concentrations of these serum specimens, we found high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as IFNγ, IL8, IL-12, and MIP1α, in the convalescent phase sera. These results imply that both the antibody response to GP1,2 and the proinflammatory innate responses play significant roles in the recovery from RESTV infection in cynomolgus macaques.
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chronological and spatial analysis of the 1996 ebola Reston Virus outbreak in a monkey breeding facility in the philippines
Experimental Animals, 2002Co-Authors: Mary Elizabeth Miranda, Tetsuro Ikegami, A B Calaor, D L Manalo, Yasuhiro Yoshikawa, Noel Lee J Miranda, Fumiaki Cho, Thomas G KsiazekAbstract:To describe the transmission pattern of natural infection with Ebola Reston (EBO-R) Virus in a breeding colony, the chronological and spatial analysis of mortality during the 1996 EBO-R Virus outbreak was done in this study. The EBO-R Virus infection among monkeys in the facility was widespread. Over a period of 3 months, 14 out of 21 occupied units were contaminated with antigen positive animals. A large number of wild-caught monkeys were involved in this outbreak suggesting that wild-caught monkeys have a high susceptibility to EBO-R Virus infection. In this outbreak, morbidity patterns for individual animal units were very different regardless of the type and size of cages, individual or gang cages. The results suggest that not only the cage size but also poor animal husbandry practices may be risk factors for the spread of EBO-R infection.
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epidemiology of ebola subtype Reston Virus in the philippines 1996
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999Co-Authors: Mary Elizabeth Miranda, Anthony Sanchez, Thomas G Ksiazek, Pierre E Rollin, T J Retuya, Ali S Khan, Charles F Fulhorst, A B Calaor, D L ManaloAbstract:Ebola (subtype Reston [EBO-R]) Virus infection was detected in macaques imported into the United States from the Philippines in March 1996. Studies were initiated in the Philippines to identify the source of the Virus among monkey-breeding and export facilities, to establish surveillance and testing, and to assess the risk and significance of EBO-R infections in humans who work in these facilities. Over a 5-month period, acutely infected animals were found at only one facility, as determined using Ebola antigen detection. Three of 1732 monkeys and 1 of 246 animal handlers tested had detectable antibodies; all were from the same facility, which was the source of infected monkeys imported to the United States. Virus transmission, which was facilitated by poor infection-control practices, continued for several months in one facility and was stopped only when the facility was depopulated. None of the 246 employees of the facilities or 4 contacts of previously antibody-positive individuals reported an Ebola-like illness. This investigation suggests that human EBO-R infection is rare.