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Andreas Mokros - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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coercive sexual Sadism a systematic qualitative review
Current Psychiatry Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Andreas Mokros, Julien Wessels, Miriam Hofmann, Joachim NitschkeAbstract:Purpose of Review Coercive sexual Sadism can be distinguished from consensual BDSM (bondage discipline/dominance submission/Sadism masochism) role-play and from everyday Sadism, a personality trait. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic qualitative review of the pertinent literature on coercive sexual Sadism from the last three years.
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Sadism among sexual homicide offenders validation of the sexual Sadism scale
Psychological Assessment, 2019Co-Authors: Ewa B Stefanska, Joachim Nitschke, Adam J Carter, Andreas MokrosAbstract:: Sexual Sadism is assumed to be a crucial factor in sexual homicide. Prevalence estimates vary greatly due to differences in the definition of sexual Sadism. A nationwide sample of 350 male perpetrators who had committed a sexual homicide offense against a female 14 years of age or above in England or Wales was assessed based on archival records. Sexual Sadism was assessed using the Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS). Item response theory (IRT) analyses were conducted focusing on the 2-parameter logistic model. The single-factor structure of the SeSaS Part 1 was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. Estimates of both internal consistency and interrater agreement were satisfactory to substantial. IRT analysis showed that the Part 1 items captured moderate to severe levels of the latent construct (i.e., theta levels >0). Based on the Posterior Probability of Diagnosis index, the prevalence of the disorder was estimated at 37% in the sample. The substantial correlation between the SeSaS Part 1 total score and original clinical diagnoses of Sadism confirms the criterion validity of the scale. Exertion of control and infliction of torture were among the more informative items. In sum, the results support the usefulness of the SeSaS instrument for assessing forensically relevant forms of Sadism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Sadism and violent reoffending in sexual offenders
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 2016Co-Authors: Reinhard Eher, Joachim Nitschke, Frank Schilling, Brigitte Hansmann, Tanja Pumberger, Elmar Habermeyer, Andreas MokrosAbstract:A diagnosis of Sadism in sexual offenders is commonly regarded as indicative of high risk for violent reoffending. The purpose of the current two studies was to evaluate whether Sadism is indeed associated with higher rates of violent (including sexual) reoffending. In Study 1 (meta-analysis), the rate of violent and sexual recidivism was assessed across seven samples of male sex offenders (total N = 2,169) as a function of diagnoses of sexual Sadism. In Study 2 (N = 768) the outcome (violent recidivism yes/no) was regressed on Sadism, along with behavioral indicators of sexually sadistic offending, and scores from violence risk assessment instruments. In Study 1 (meta-analysis), the overall risk of sadists compared with nonsadists with respect to violent (including sexual contact) reoffending was slightly elevated (by a factor of 1.18), yet not significantly increased. Similarly, the risk of sexual reoffending among sadists was slightly, but not significantly, higher than among nonsadists (factor 1.38). According to Study 2, only a measure of sadistic behavior, not the clinical diagnosis, was associated with violent reoffending. This association, however, was not present once age and customary risk assessment instruments for violence risk were included in the regression. A clinical diagnosis of sexual Sadism and behavioral measures of Sadism are related to the risk of violent reoffending in sexual offenders. These associations, however, are weak and do not hold once variables relevant for the prediction of violence are controlled for. At the individual level, the risk for future violence in sadists can therefore be adequately described by customary risk assessment instruments. Language: en
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Sadism in sexual offenders evidence for dimensionality
Psychological Assessment, 2014Co-Authors: Andreas Mokros, Joachim Nitschke, Frank Schilling, Karien Weiss, Reinhard EherAbstract:Recurrent and intense sexual fantasies and urges that circle around the infliction of pain or humiliation on another human being may predispose individuals toward acts of sexual aggression against nonconsenting victims. Consequently, sexual Sadism is a paraphilia with particular relevance for forensic psychology and psychiatry. Using behavioral indicators derived from crime scene actions as well as clinical data, we sought in the present study to identify the latent structure of the disorder. We analyzed data from a national sample of male sexual offenders from Austria (N = 1,020). In addition to latent profile analysis, 3 conceptually different taxometric methods were applied. The results of the analyses were more in accordance with a dimensional interpretation than with a categorical distinction. That is, sadistic conduct in sexual offenses is likely an extreme form of coercion, but not a qualitatively different entity. The implications with respect to the current debate on the diagnostic criteria for Sadism are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
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sexual Sadism current diagnostic vagueness and the benefit of behavioral definitions
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2013Co-Authors: Joachim Nitschke, Andreas Mokros, Michael Osterheider, William L MarshallAbstract:The phenomenon of sexual Sadism was first scientifically described by Richard von Krafft-Ebing in 1999 as a sexual preference disorder that focuses on the infliction of suffering, pain, or humiliation to achieve sexual gratification. The present article reviews the historical development of the term sexual Sadism, including the current descriptive nosology of psychiatric classification. Despite clear definitions that specify the sexual objects, duration, and distress necessary for a disorder, evidence for the diagnostic reliability for sexual Sadism in the forensic domain is mixed. We argue that the reliance on the patient’s willingness to divulge corresponding violent sexual fantasies is the Achilles’ heel of the diagnosis. In an attempt to improve agreement across diagnosticians, we argue for the use of behavioral indicators. We summarize the extant research on the Severe Sexual Sadism Scale (SESAS), which is a file-based observer rating of pertinent crime-scene actions. We conclude that the analysis of...
Joachim Nitschke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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coercive sexual Sadism a systematic qualitative review
Current Psychiatry Reports, 2019Co-Authors: Andreas Mokros, Julien Wessels, Miriam Hofmann, Joachim NitschkeAbstract:Purpose of Review Coercive sexual Sadism can be distinguished from consensual BDSM (bondage discipline/dominance submission/Sadism masochism) role-play and from everyday Sadism, a personality trait. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic qualitative review of the pertinent literature on coercive sexual Sadism from the last three years.
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Sadism among sexual homicide offenders validation of the sexual Sadism scale
Psychological Assessment, 2019Co-Authors: Ewa B Stefanska, Joachim Nitschke, Adam J Carter, Andreas MokrosAbstract:: Sexual Sadism is assumed to be a crucial factor in sexual homicide. Prevalence estimates vary greatly due to differences in the definition of sexual Sadism. A nationwide sample of 350 male perpetrators who had committed a sexual homicide offense against a female 14 years of age or above in England or Wales was assessed based on archival records. Sexual Sadism was assessed using the Sexual Sadism Scale (SeSaS). Item response theory (IRT) analyses were conducted focusing on the 2-parameter logistic model. The single-factor structure of the SeSaS Part 1 was tested using confirmatory factor analysis. Estimates of both internal consistency and interrater agreement were satisfactory to substantial. IRT analysis showed that the Part 1 items captured moderate to severe levels of the latent construct (i.e., theta levels >0). Based on the Posterior Probability of Diagnosis index, the prevalence of the disorder was estimated at 37% in the sample. The substantial correlation between the SeSaS Part 1 total score and original clinical diagnoses of Sadism confirms the criterion validity of the scale. Exertion of control and infliction of torture were among the more informative items. In sum, the results support the usefulness of the SeSaS instrument for assessing forensically relevant forms of Sadism. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Sadism and violent reoffending in sexual offenders
Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 2016Co-Authors: Reinhard Eher, Joachim Nitschke, Frank Schilling, Brigitte Hansmann, Tanja Pumberger, Elmar Habermeyer, Andreas MokrosAbstract:A diagnosis of Sadism in sexual offenders is commonly regarded as indicative of high risk for violent reoffending. The purpose of the current two studies was to evaluate whether Sadism is indeed associated with higher rates of violent (including sexual) reoffending. In Study 1 (meta-analysis), the rate of violent and sexual recidivism was assessed across seven samples of male sex offenders (total N = 2,169) as a function of diagnoses of sexual Sadism. In Study 2 (N = 768) the outcome (violent recidivism yes/no) was regressed on Sadism, along with behavioral indicators of sexually sadistic offending, and scores from violence risk assessment instruments. In Study 1 (meta-analysis), the overall risk of sadists compared with nonsadists with respect to violent (including sexual contact) reoffending was slightly elevated (by a factor of 1.18), yet not significantly increased. Similarly, the risk of sexual reoffending among sadists was slightly, but not significantly, higher than among nonsadists (factor 1.38). According to Study 2, only a measure of sadistic behavior, not the clinical diagnosis, was associated with violent reoffending. This association, however, was not present once age and customary risk assessment instruments for violence risk were included in the regression. A clinical diagnosis of sexual Sadism and behavioral measures of Sadism are related to the risk of violent reoffending in sexual offenders. These associations, however, are weak and do not hold once variables relevant for the prediction of violence are controlled for. At the individual level, the risk for future violence in sadists can therefore be adequately described by customary risk assessment instruments. Language: en
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Sadism in sexual offenders evidence for dimensionality
Psychological Assessment, 2014Co-Authors: Andreas Mokros, Joachim Nitschke, Frank Schilling, Karien Weiss, Reinhard EherAbstract:Recurrent and intense sexual fantasies and urges that circle around the infliction of pain or humiliation on another human being may predispose individuals toward acts of sexual aggression against nonconsenting victims. Consequently, sexual Sadism is a paraphilia with particular relevance for forensic psychology and psychiatry. Using behavioral indicators derived from crime scene actions as well as clinical data, we sought in the present study to identify the latent structure of the disorder. We analyzed data from a national sample of male sexual offenders from Austria (N = 1,020). In addition to latent profile analysis, 3 conceptually different taxometric methods were applied. The results of the analyses were more in accordance with a dimensional interpretation than with a categorical distinction. That is, sadistic conduct in sexual offenses is likely an extreme form of coercion, but not a qualitatively different entity. The implications with respect to the current debate on the diagnostic criteria for Sadism are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
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sexual Sadism current diagnostic vagueness and the benefit of behavioral definitions
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2013Co-Authors: Joachim Nitschke, Andreas Mokros, Michael Osterheider, William L MarshallAbstract:The phenomenon of sexual Sadism was first scientifically described by Richard von Krafft-Ebing in 1999 as a sexual preference disorder that focuses on the infliction of suffering, pain, or humiliation to achieve sexual gratification. The present article reviews the historical development of the term sexual Sadism, including the current descriptive nosology of psychiatric classification. Despite clear definitions that specify the sexual objects, duration, and distress necessary for a disorder, evidence for the diagnostic reliability for sexual Sadism in the forensic domain is mixed. We argue that the reliance on the patient’s willingness to divulge corresponding violent sexual fantasies is the Achilles’ heel of the diagnosis. In an attempt to improve agreement across diagnosticians, we argue for the use of behavioral indicators. We summarize the extant research on the Severe Sexual Sadism Scale (SESAS), which is a file-based observer rating of pertinent crime-scene actions. We conclude that the analysis of...
Tobias Greitemeyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the relationship between everyday Sadism violent video game play and fascination with weapons
Personality and Individual Differences, 2018Co-Authors: Jeanette M Gonzalez, Tobias GreitemeyerAbstract:Abstract Previous research has shown that everyday Sadism is positively related to the amount of violent video game play. The present research extends this line of work by examining whether everyday sadists are attracted to violent video games because they are fascinated with weapons. In fact, a survey (N = 613) showed that everyday Sadism was significantly related to both violent video game play and the fascination with weapons. These relationships remained significant when controlling for the impact of trait aggression and the Dark Triad (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism). Most importantly, fascination with weapons mediated the relationship between everyday Sadism and amount of violent video game play. It thus appears that everyday sadists use virtual weapons during violent video game play to satisfy their fascination with weapons.
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the longitudinal relationship between everyday Sadism and the amount of violent video game play
Personality and Individual Differences, 2017Co-Authors: Tobias Greitemeyer, Christina SagioglouAbstract:Abstract Previous research found correlational evidence that the trait of everyday Sadism is associated with the amount of violent video game play. Due to the correlational design, the direction of the association remained unclear. According to the selection hypothesis, everyday sadists should be attracted to violent video games, whereas the socialization hypothesis would propose that repeated exposure to violent video games makes the player more sadistic. However, these hypotheses are by no means mutually exclusive and the relation between everyday Sadism and violent video game exposure could be bidirectional. To examine the causal mechanisms more closely, we carried out a longitudinal study ( N = 743) for which we collected data at two points in time, six months apart. Results showed that (a) everyday sadists are more likely than others to play violent video games and (b) repeated exposure to violent video games predicts everyday Sadism over time. Overall, this bidirectional influence reflects a downward spiral of everyday sadistic tendencies and violent video gaming reinforcing each other.
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everyday Sadism predicts violent video game preferences
Personality and Individual Differences, 2015Co-Authors: Tobias GreitemeyerAbstract:Abstract Playing violent video games has become an integral part of the lives of many people, although some people more than others may be predisposed to enjoy violent video games. Two cross-sectional studies examined the extent to which everyday Sadism predicts the amount of violent video game play. Past research has shown that everyday sadists obtain pleasure from cruel behaviors. Hence, I reasoned that everyday sadists are drawn to violent video games because killing game characters might be an opportunity to satisfy their need for cruelty. In fact, results revealed a positive link between everyday Sadism and the amount of violent video game exposure. Moreover, this relation statistically held when controlling for the impact of trait aggression, the Big 5, narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy.
Raymond A Knight - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mtc Sadism scale toward a dimensional assessment of severe sexual Sadism with behavioral markers
Assessment, 2019Co-Authors: Nicholas Longpre, Jeanpierre Guay, Raymond A KnightAbstract:Sadism was initially described as the experience of sexual pleasure produced by acts of cruelty and bodily punishment. Sadism was conceptualized as if sadists were fundamentally different from nons...
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sadistic offender or sexual Sadism taxometric evidence for a dimensional structure of sexual Sadism
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Nicholas Longpre, Jeanpierre Guay, Raymond A Knight, Massil BenbouricheAbstract:Severe sexual Sadism is a disorder of sexual preferences that focuses on humiliation and domination of the victim, sometimes causing grievous injury or death. Because offenders with high levels of Sadism represent a risk to both reoffend and cause considerable harm should they reoffend, a diagnosis of sexual Sadism has serious implications. The actual diagnosis of sexual Sadism is fraught with problems (i.e., low reliability and validity) and exhibits poor consistency across assessments and studies (Levenson, 2004; Marshall, Kennedy, & Yates, 2002a). Various authors have proposed that Sadism should be reconceptualized and have suggested that a dimensional approach may be more effective than a classificatory one for diagnosing sexual Sadism (e.g., Marshall & Kennedy, 2003; Nietschke, Osterheider, & Mokros, 2009b). The dimension versus taxon question also impacts debates about the etiology and treatment of Sadism. We assessed the taxonicity of sexual Sadism by conducting a taxometric analysis of the scores of 474 sex offenders from penitentiary settings on the MTC Sexual Sadism Scale, using Meehl’s taxometric methods (Meehl & Yonce, 1994; Waller & Meehl, 1998). Findings indicated that sexual Sadism presents a clear underlying dimensional structure. These results are consistent with earlier research supporting a dimensional assessment of sexual Sadism and indicate that the diagnosis of sexual Sadism should be reconceptualized. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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relating sexual Sadism and psychopathy to one another non sexual violence and sexual crime behaviors
Aggressive Behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Carrie A Robertson, Raymond A KnightAbstract:Sexual Sadism and psychopathy have been theoretically, clinically, and empirically linked to violence. Although both constructs are linked to predatory violence, few studies have sought to explore the covariation of the two constructs, and even fewer have sought to conceptualize the similarities of violence prediction in each. The current study considered all four Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) facets and employed well-defined, validated measures of Sadism to elucidate the relation between Sadism and psychopathy, as well as to determine the role of each in the prediction of non-sexual violence and sexual crime behaviors. Study 1 assessed 314 adult, male sex offenders using archival ratings, as well as the self-report Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression (the MIDSA). Study 2 used archival ratings to assess 599 adult, male sex offenders. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of crime scene descriptions yielded four sexual crime behavior factors: Violence, Physical Control, Sexual Behavior, and Paraphilic. Sadism and psychopathy covaried, but were not coextensive; Sadism correlated with Total PCL-R, Facet 1, and Facet 4 scores. The constructs predicted all non-sexual violence measures, but predicted different sexual crime behavior factors. The PCL-R facets collectively predicted the Violence and Paraphilic factors, whereas Sadism only predicted the Violence factor.
Peer Briken - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sexual Sadism in sexual offenders and sexually motivated homicide
Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2014Co-Authors: Peer Briken, Dominique Bourget, Mathieu DufourAbstract:This article gives a clinically oriented overview of forensically relevant forms of sexual Sadism disorder and its specific relationship to sexual homicide. In sexual homicide perpetrators, peculiar patterns of sexual Sadism may be a motivational pathway to kill. Sexual Sadism increases the risk for reoffending in sexual offenders. Through psychotherapy and pharmacological interventions, treatment of sadistic sex offenders has to consider special characteristics that may be different from those of nonsadistic sex offenders. Many of these offenders share a combination of sexual sadistic motives and an intact self-regulation, sometimes combined with a high level of sexual preoccupation. Language: en
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Sexueller Sadismus und Sexualkriminalität
Forensische Psychiatrie Psychologie Kriminologie, 2010Co-Authors: Wolfgang Berner, Peer BrikenAbstract:Die von Krafft-Ebing geschaffene Kategorie des Sadismus hat sich in den letzten hundert Jahren als ein vielgestaltiges Phänomen dargestellt, das von ganz harmlosen symbolischen und ritualisierten Gesten der Unterwerfung bis zu tödlich endenden Gewalthandlungen reicht, die mit großer Impulsivität oder in lang hingezogenen, von vielen Fantasien und Ritualen begleiteten Handlungen ablaufen können. So vielgestaltig das Phänomen selbst ist, so unterschiedlich sind Entstehungsbedingungen und Ursachen. Wenn es auch nur wenige Überschneidungen zwischen Vorlieben, die heute von den Betroffenen mit dem beschreibenden Akronym BDSM („bondage & discipline, dominance & submission, Sadism & masochism“) bezeichnet werden, und dem forensisch bedeutsamen „schweren Sadismus“ gibt, so gibt es doch auch Brücken zumindest in den beteiligten Fantasien. Aufgrund eigener Erfahrungen mit Sadismus im forensischen Kontext treten die Autoren für die im geplanten Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders- (DSM-)V vorgeschlagenen Neuformulierungen und besonders für eine diagnostische Trennung von Sadismus und Masochismus ein. Sadismus trifft man wesentlich häufiger im forensischen Kontext und dort nur selten in Verbindung mit Masochismus, eher mit der sadistischen Persönlichkeitsstörung, der antisozialen und der Borderline-Störung. Masochistische Störungen werden zwar von Patienten im psychiatrischen Kontext berichtet, sind dort aber wieder kaum mit Sadismus, sondern eher mit Depression und dependenten Persönlichkeitsauffälligkeiten verbunden. Die größtenteils befürwortete Beibehaltung des diagnostischen Begriffs des Sadismus macht nach Meinung der Autoren die Einführung einer Kategorie „paraphilic coercive disorder“ unnötig. Der diagnostische Begriff ist auch für Therapieplanung und prognostische Einschätzungen wichtig. Dazu fehlen verlässliche Studien mit größeren Gruppen und längeren Verläufen. Es ist aber davon auszugehen, dass bei „schwerem Sadismus“ mit Progredienzzeichen eine medikamentöse Behandlung, u. U. auch mit Antiandrogenen, indiziert sein kann. The categorization of Sadism has turned out to be a versatile phenomenon, which covers a spectrum from harmless symbolic rituals to extremely violent acts where strong impulses or prolonged fantasies and rituals are involved. As the phenomenon is versatile its causes and appearances vary as well, although so-called BDSM (bondage & discipline & dominance & submission & Sadism & masochism) practitioners and persons with severe Sadism in a forensic context share only few common preferences. Based on own clinical experiences with Sadism in forensic patients the authors support the proposed revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) especially the diagnostic disjuncture of Sadism and masochism. Sexual Sadism appears more frequently in forensic contexts in combination with sadistic, antisocial and borderline personality disorders but rarely with masochism. Masochism is otherwise reported to be more prevalent in patients of general psychiatry, however, combined with depression or dependent personality traits rather than with Sadism. Moreover, the authors believe that if use of the diagnostic term Sadism is perpetuated the establishment of the proposed new diagnosis “paraphilic coercive disorder” is unnecessary. The diagnostic term is also important for treatment and assessment. Despite the lack of reliable long-term studies with larger samples, it is reasonable to assume that medication, sometimes even anti-androgenic treatment, can be indicated in patients with severe Sadism.
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sexual Sadism and sadistic personality disorder in sexual homicide
Journal of Personality Disorders, 2006Co-Authors: Andreas Hill, Wolfgang Berner, Niels Habermann, Peer BrikenAbstract:Controversies exist about the diagnostic validity of sexual Sadism and its relation to sadistic personality disorder in sex offenders. The aim of this study was to investigate which diagnostic, developmental, and criminal characteristics differentiate sexual sadistic from non-sadistic sexual homicide perpetrators. Psychiatric court reports on 166 men who had committed a sexual homicide were evaluated regarding psychiatric, sexual and criminal history. Sixty-one offenders (36.7%) with sexual Sadism (SeSd) were compared with 105 (63.3%) offenders without this diagnosis (NSeSd). Besides the sexual sadistic symptoms, there were seven factors that discriminated best between the two groups (sexual masochism, sadistic personality disorder, isolation in childhood, multiple sexual homicide, previous rape, previous tendencies for similar behavior, and long duration of the homicidal act). Sexual Sadism is connected with circumscribed other characteristics and has to be considered in risk assessment and treatment of sex offenders.
