The Experts below are selected from a list of 318 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Beth A. Ober - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Semantic Priming in schizophrenia: a review and synthesis.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2002Co-Authors: Michael J. Minzenberg, Beth A. Ober, Sophia VinogradovAbstract:In this paper, we present a review of Semantic Priming experiments in schizophrenia. Semantic Priming paradigms show utility in assessing the role of deficits in Semantic memory network access in the pathology of schizophrenia. The studies are placed in the context of current models of information processing. In this review we include all English-language reports (from peer-reviewed journals) of single-word Semantic Priming studies involving participants with schizophrenia. The studies to date show schizophrenic patients to exhibit variable Semantic Priming effects under automatic processing conditions, and consistent impairments under controlled/attentional conditions. We also describe associations with other neurocognitive dysfunction, neurochemical and electrophysiological disturbances, and clinical manifestations (such as thought disorder).
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RT and non-RT methodology for Semantic Priming research with Alzheimer's disease patients: a critical review.
Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2002Co-Authors: Beth A. OberAbstract:This paper provides a critical review of RT and non-RT methodology for the conduct of research on Semantic Priming in Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to elderly normal (EN) individuals. The review is organized by type of Semantic Priming (or attribute-knowledge) paradigm. Theoretical as well as methodological issues are highlighted insofar as they are relevant to: (1) the design, conduct, and analysis of Semantic Priming experiments (and closely related types of experiments) with AD compared to EN participants, and (2) the interpretation of findings from these experiments. Recommendations are provided for further research involving Semantic Priming and related paradigms with AD and certain other neuropsychological populations.
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Automatic versus controlled Semantic Priming in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychology, 1997Co-Authors: Beth A. Ober, Sophia Vinogradov, Gregory K. ShenautAbstract:Schizophrenic individuals (n = 31), including paranoid and nonparanoid diagnostic subgroups, and normal controls (n = 20) participated in a Semantic Priming experiment involving a single-choice lexical decision task. For the automatic Priming blocks, a 260-ms stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was used; for the controlled Priming blocks, 1,000-ms SOA was used. The paranoid subgroup showed significantly less Priming than did the control group. The nonparanoid subgroup showed a decrease in Priming compared with the control group that approached significance. There was an increased Priming effect for the controlled compared with the automatic Priming condition; this difference was not modulated by participant group. Nonsignificant Semantic Priming (equal to 0) occurred only for schizophrenic subgroups and only in automatic Priming conditions.
Melvin J. Yap - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Are individual differences in masked repetition and Semantic Priming reliable
Visual Cognition, 2016Co-Authors: Luuan Chin Tan, Melvin J. YapAbstract:ABSTRACTDespite the robustness of Semantic Priming (e.g., cat–DOG), the test-retest and internal reliabilities of Semantic Priming effects within individuals are surprisingly low. In contrast, repetition Priming (e.g., dog–DOG) appears to be far more reliable across a range of conditions. While Stolz and colleagues attribute the low reliability in Semantic Priming to uncoordinated automatic processes in Semantic memory, their use of unmasked Priming paradigms makes it difficult to fully rule out the influence of strategic processes. In the present study, we explored the reliability of Semantic and repetition Priming when primes were heavily masked and cannot be consciously processed. We found that masked repetition, but not Semantic, Priming effects showed some degree of reliability. Interestingly, skilled lexical processors (as reflected by vocabulary knowledge and spelling ability) also produced larger masked repetition Priming effects.
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The Semantic Priming project
Behavior research methods, 2013Co-Authors: Keith A. Hutchison, David A. Balota, James H. Neely, Michael J. Cortese, Emily R. Cohen-shikora, Chi-shing Tse, Melvin J. Yap, Jesse J. Bengson, Dale Niemeyer, Erin Michelle BuchananAbstract:Speeded naming and lexical decision data for 1,661 target words following related and unrelated primes were collected from 768 subjects across four different universities. These behavioral measures have been integrated with demographic information for each subject and descriptive characteristics for every item. Subjects also completed portions of the Woodcock-Johnson reading battery, three attentional control tasks, and a circadian rhythm measure. These data are available at a user-friendly Internet-based repository ( http://spp.montana.edu ). This Web site includes a search engine designed to generate lists of prime-target pairs with specific characteristics (e.g., length, frequency, associative strength, latent Semantic similarity, Priming effect in standardized and raw reaction times). We illustrate the types of questions that can be addressed via the Semantic Priming Project. These data represent the largest behavioral database on Semantic Priming and are available to researchers to aid in selecting stimuli, testing theories, and reducing potential confounds in their studies.
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beyond mean response latency response time distributional analyses of Semantic Priming
Journal of Memory and Language, 2008Co-Authors: David A. Balota, Michael J. Cortese, Melvin J. Yap, Jason M WatsonAbstract:Chronometric studies of language and memory processing typically emphasize changes in mean response time (RT) performance across conditions. However, changes in mean performance (or the lack thereof) may reflect distinct patterns at the level of underlying RT distributions. In seven experiments, RT distributional analyses were used to better understand how distributions change across related and unrelated conditions in standard Semantic Priming paradigms. In contrast to most other lexical variables, Semantic Priming in standard conditions simply shifts the RT distribution, implicating a headstart mechanism. However, when targets are degraded, the Priming effect increases across the RT distribution, a pattern more consistent with current computational models of Semantic Priming. Interestingly, Priming effects also increase across the RT distribution when targets are degraded and primes are highly masked, supporting a memory retrieval account of Priming under degraded conditions. Finally, strengths and limitations of alternative approaches for modeling RT distributions are discussed.
Sophia Vinogradov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Semantic Priming in schizophrenia: a review and synthesis.
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS, 2002Co-Authors: Michael J. Minzenberg, Beth A. Ober, Sophia VinogradovAbstract:In this paper, we present a review of Semantic Priming experiments in schizophrenia. Semantic Priming paradigms show utility in assessing the role of deficits in Semantic memory network access in the pathology of schizophrenia. The studies are placed in the context of current models of information processing. In this review we include all English-language reports (from peer-reviewed journals) of single-word Semantic Priming studies involving participants with schizophrenia. The studies to date show schizophrenic patients to exhibit variable Semantic Priming effects under automatic processing conditions, and consistent impairments under controlled/attentional conditions. We also describe associations with other neurocognitive dysfunction, neurochemical and electrophysiological disturbances, and clinical manifestations (such as thought disorder).
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Automatic versus controlled Semantic Priming in schizophrenia.
Neuropsychology, 1997Co-Authors: Beth A. Ober, Sophia Vinogradov, Gregory K. ShenautAbstract:Schizophrenic individuals (n = 31), including paranoid and nonparanoid diagnostic subgroups, and normal controls (n = 20) participated in a Semantic Priming experiment involving a single-choice lexical decision task. For the automatic Priming blocks, a 260-ms stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was used; for the controlled Priming blocks, 1,000-ms SOA was used. The paranoid subgroup showed significantly less Priming than did the control group. The nonparanoid subgroup showed a decrease in Priming compared with the control group that approached significance. There was an increased Priming effect for the controlled compared with the automatic Priming condition; this difference was not modulated by participant group. Nonsignificant Semantic Priming (equal to 0) occurred only for schizophrenic subgroups and only in automatic Priming conditions.
Susan L. Rossell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Acute and chronic effects of ketamine on Semantic Priming: modeling schizophrenia?
Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 2009Co-Authors: Ana Stefanovic, Susan L. Rossell, B Brandner, Elissa B. Klaassen, Roman Cregg, Mayavaty Nagaratnam, Lesley Bromley, Ravi K. Das, Celia J. A. Morgan, H. Valerie CurranAbstract:Acute administration of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine induces schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy volunteers; furthermore, a window on ketamine's chronic effects is provided by regular recreational users. The current study utilized both acute ketamine administration in healthy volunteers and chronic ketamine abusers to investigate Semantic processing, one of the key cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Semantic processing was examined using a Semantic Priming paradigm. In experiment 1, acute effects of low (75 ng/mL) and high (150 ng/mL) ketamine doses were compared in a placebo-controlled double-blind independent group design with 48 participants. In experiment 2, 19 regular recreational ketamine users were compared with 19 ketamine-naive polydrug controls and 26 non-drug-using controls. In both experiments, Semantic Priming parameters were manipulated to distinguish between ketamine's effects on (1) automatic and strategic processing and (2) the facilitation and inhibition components of Semantic Priming for strongly (directly) related primes and targets. Acute effects of ketamine on Semantic Priming for weakly (indirectly) related primes and targets were also assessed in experiment 1. Acutely, ketamine impaired the employment of strategic mechanisms but not automatic processing within both the direct and indirect Semantic Priming tasks. Acute ketamine administration also induced clear schizophrenia-like symptoms. Schizotypy traits in the cognitive and perceptual domains tended to correlate with increased Semantic Priming in long-term ketamine users. In summary, acute and chronic ketamine-induced changes partially mirrored the findings on Semantic Priming in schizophrenia.
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Semantic Priming Effects in Schizophrenia
Current Psychiatry Reviews, 2007Co-Authors: Susan L. Rossell, Ana StefanovicAbstract:Schizophrenia is characterised by disturbances in language and thought. Semantic Priming paradigms have been frequently employed to investigate language function in schizophrenia. The Semantic Priming effect is the reaction time advantage that is achieved by Priming a target to which a participant is responding with a Semantically or associa- tively related word. In schizophrenia, this area of research has produced contradictory results. The current review consid- ers the significance of the specific task parameters employed and the characteristics of the patient sample as possible rea- sons underlying discrepancies, as well as reviewing the significance of neuroimaging studies. We establish the relatedness proportion effect, where low proportions of related prime-target pairs result in reduced or normal SP in people with schizophrenia, whilst higher proportions lead to increased SP. Additionally, that using indirectly related prime-target pairs results in increased SP in schizophrenia. Further, in terms of patient characteristics, patients with thought disorder produce the most consistently abnormal SP results. We will provide a comprehensive up-to-date review of research on Semantic Priming effect in schizophrenia, as well as consider the implications of the results.
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Affective Semantic Priming in patients with schizophrenia.
Psychiatry research, 2004Co-Authors: Susan L. RossellAbstract:Affective Semantic Priming was examined in normal controls and patients with schizophrenia using a lexical decision task with four affective categories of related word pairs: neutral, happy, fearful and sad. Results demonstrated a striking and reliable effect of affective category upon Semantic Priming. Neutral and happy prime targets yielded significant Semantic Priming. Fearful and sad pairs showed no or modest Semantic Priming facilitation. Schizophrenia patients did not differ from normal controls on their Priming scores to any of the four affective categories. These results support the notion that the associative mechanisms that bind negative valence words are distinct in nature; they also clarify that patients with schizophrenia do not show increased sensitivity to affect, and more specifically negative affective context during Priming paradigms. This study further indicates the importance of replicating novel findings and reporting negative results.
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Semantic Priming of different affective categories.
Emotion (Washington D.C.), 2004Co-Authors: Susan L. Rossell, Anna Christine NobreAbstract:The authors investigated affective Semantic Priming using a lexical decision task with 4 affective categories of related word pairs: neutral, happy, fearful, and sad. Results demonstrated a striking and reliable effect of affective category on Semantic Priming. Neutral and happy prime-targets yielded significant Semantic Priming. Fearful pairs showed no or modest Priming facilitation, and sad primes slowed reactions to sad targets. A further experiment established that affective primes do not have generalized facilitatory-inhibitory effects. The results are interpreted as showing that the associative mechanisms that support Semantic Priming for neutral words are also shared by happy valence words but not for negative valence words. This may reflect increased vigilance necessary in adverse contexts or suggest that the associative mechanisms that bind negative valence words are distinct.
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The anatomy and time course of Semantic Priming investigated by fMRI and ERPs
Neuropsychologia, 2003Co-Authors: Susan L. Rossell, Cathy J. Price, A. Christina NobreAbstract:We combined complementary non-invasive brain imaging techniques with behavioural measures to investigate the anatomy and time course of brain activity associated with Semantic Priming in a lexical-decision task. Participants viewed pairs of stimuli, and decided whether the second item was a real word or not. There were two variables, the Semantic relationship between the prime and the target (related or unrelated) and the interval between the onset of prime and target (200 or 1000 ms), to vary the degree of Semantic expectancy that was possible during task performance. Behavioural results replicated the well-established finding that identification of the target is facilitated by a preceding Semantically related prime. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (efMRI) identified two brain areas involved in the Semantic-Priming effect. Activity in the anterior medial temporal cortex was diminished when target words were primed by Semantically related words, suggesting involvement of this brain region during active Semantic association or integration. In contrast, activity in the left supramarginal gyrus in the temporal-parietal junction was enhanced for target words primed by Semantically related words. Brain areas influenced by the interval between prime and target words, and by the interaction between word interval and Semantic Priming were also identified. A parallel experiment using event-related potentials (ERPs) unveiled a striking difference in the time course of Semantic Priming as a function of expectancy. In line with previous reports, the primary effect of Semantic Priming on ERPs was the attenuation of the N400 component, in both short- and long-interval conditions. However, the Priming effect started significantly earlier in the long-interval condition. Activity in the anterior medial temporal cortex has previously been shown to contribute to the N400 component, a finding that links the Priming results obtained with efMRI and ERP methods.
Steve Joordens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The long and short of Semantic Priming effects in lexical decision.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1997Co-Authors: Steve Joordens, Suzanna BeckerAbstract:: Unlike other forms of Priming, Semantic Priming appears only to occur at short lags. In apparent contrast to this, S. Becker, M. Moscovitch, M. Behrmann, and S. Joordens (1997) described a theory of Priming that predicts long-term effects for all forms of relatedness. This prediction is reconciled with previous failures to observe long-term Semantic Priming on the basis of 2 claims: (a) that previously used pairs share few Semantic features and (b) that tasks typically used to study Priming are not especially sensitive to Semantic influences. The present experiments provide further support for these claims by demonstrating long-term Semantic Priming in the lexical-decision task when the stimuli and task are modified in a way that increases Semantic involvement. However, the findings' suggest that in addition to the mechanism advocated by Becker et al., a second mechanism is necessary to provide a complete account of Semantic Priming effects.
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Long-term Semantic Priming: a computational account and empirical evidence.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 1997Co-Authors: Suzanna Becker, Morris Moscovitch, Marlene Behrmann, Steve JoordensAbstract:Semantic Priming is traditionally viewed as an effect that rapidly decays. A new view of long-term word Priming in attractor neural networks is proposed. The model predicts long-term Semantic Priming under certain conditions. That is, the task must engage Semantic-level processing to a sufficient degree. The predictions were confirmed in computer simulations and in 3 experiments. Experiment 1 showed that when target words are each preceded by multiple Semantically related primes, there is long-lag Priming on a Semantic-decision task but not on a lexical-decision task. Experiment 2 replicated the long-term Semantic Priming effect for Semantic decisions with only one prime per target. Experiment 3 demonstrated Semantic Priming with much longer word lists at lags of 0, 4, and 8 items. These are the first experiments to demonstrate a Semantic Priming effect spanning many intervening items and lasting much longer than a few seconds.
