The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Scott P Carroll - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the potential evolutionary impact of invasive balloon vines on native Soapberry bugs in south africa
    NeoBiota, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jarryd D Foster, Scott P Carroll, Allan G Ellis, Llewellyn C Foxcroft, Johannes Le J Roux
    Abstract:

    CITATION: Foster, J. D., et al. 2019. The potential evolutionary impact of invasive balloon vines on native Soapberry bugs in South Africa. NeoBiota, 49:19-35, doi:10.3897/neobiota.49.34245.

  • SPECIAL ISSUE Evolution in biological invasion
    2015
    Co-Authors: Scott P Carroll
    Abstract:

    Abstract Contemporary anthropogenic evolution is common. Biological invasions are an especially dynamic form of novel selection. This paper considers how native species evolve in response to biological invasions and the potential consequences of such evolution. Among numerous recent cases, the most widely reported in-stances are of phytophagous insects shifting onto introduced host plants. For example, our studies show that in North America and Australia, Soapberry bugs evolved substantially after colonizing introduced hosts. Such cases permit close estimation of evolution’s direc-tion and rate, and we have used cross-rearing studies of derived and ancestral-type populations to measure changes in reaction norms and performance tradeoffs. Different fitness traits have followed very different paths in evolving to their current phenotypic values. Our hybridization studies show that the genetic architecture of these adaptations involves a surprising degree of non-additive variation (epistasis, dominance). The impor-tance of non-additive genetic variation in rapid evolu-tion will be clarified as more studies take advantage of similar situations. As appreciation grows for the deep contemporary interplay of evolution and ecology, de-bate about qualitative terms describing evolution’s rate will become less relevant. From a conservation stand-point, contemporary evolution in native species presents challenges for ecologically appropriate and sustainable management. Evolving natives and invaders may rec-onfigure contemporary and future communities. Adap-tive evolution may also enhance native communities’ capacity to control invasive populations

  • hybridization and adaptation to introduced balloon vines in an australian Soapberry bug
    Molecular Ecology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Jose A Andres, Hugh Dingle, Jenella E Loye, Michael Mathieson, Myron P Zalucki, P R Thampy, Scott P Carroll
    Abstract:

    Contemporary adaptation of plant feeding insects to introduced hosts provides clear cases of ecologically based population divergence. In most cases the mechanisms permitting rapid differentiation are not well known. Here we study morphological and genetic variation associated with recent shifts by the Australian Soapberry bug Leptocoris tagalicus onto two naturalized Neotropical balloon vines, Cardiospermum halicacabum and C.grandiflorum that differ in time since introduction. Our results show that these vines have much larger fruits than the native hosts (Whitewood tree -Atalaya hemiglauca- and Woolly Rambutan -Alectryon tomentosus-) and that bugs living on them have evolved significantly longer beaks and new allometries. Genetic analyses of mitochondrial haplotypes and amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers indicate that the lineage of bugs on the annual vine C.halicacabum, the older introduction, is intermediate between the two subspecies of L.tagalicus found on native hosts. Moreover, where the annual vine and Whitewood tree co-occur, the morphology and genomic composition of the bugs are similar to those occurring in allopatry. These results show that hybridization provided the genetic elements underlying the strongly differentiated Halicacabum bugs'. In contrast, the bugs feeding on the recently introduced perennial balloon vine (C.grandiflorum) showed no evidence of admixture, and are genetically indistinguishable from the nearby populations on a native host.

  • Soapberry bug hemiptera rhopalidae serinethinae native and introduced host plants biogeographic background of anthropogenic evolution
    Annals of The Entomological Society of America, 2012
    Co-Authors: Scott P Carroll, Jenella E Loye
    Abstract:

    Soapberry bugs (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae: Serinethinae) have recently colonized introduced and invasive plants in the Soapberry family (Sapindaceae), and they have rapidly differentiated as a result. These plants have been carried among continents at many places and times, and they may possess alien coevolutionary histories with other Soapberry bug genera and species, exposing native bugs worldwide to both new challenges and new opportunities in host exploitation. To provide geographic and phylogenetic contexts for this human-catalyzed evolution, we analyzed the worldwide host relations of the three Soapberry bug genera on native versus non-native sapinds. We found that the adopted introduced hosts are taxonomically distant from native hosts in six of seven global biogeographic regions. Only a few genera account for most of the introductions, and natives and non-natives are now reciprocally distributed across several pairs of continents. The evolutionary result may be local diversification, but also global convergence on currently rare bug phenotypes when plants with small endemic ranges are widely exported.

  • influence of genetic architecture on contemporary local evolution in the Soapberry bug jadera haematoloma artificial selection on beak length
    Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Hugh Dingle, Scott P Carroll, Thomas R Famula
    Abstract:

    Little is known about the influence of genetic architecture on local adaptation. We investigated the genetic architecture of the rapid contemporary evolution of mouthparts, the flight polymorphism and life history traits in the Soapberry bug Jadera haematoloma (Hemiptera) using laboratory selection. The mouthparts of these seed-feeding bugs have adapted in 40‐50 years by decreasing in length following novel natural selection induced by a host switch to the seeds of an introduced tree with smaller fruits than those of the native host vine. Laboratory selection on beak length in both an ancestral population feeding on the native host and a derived population feeding on the introduced host reveals genetic variance allowing a rapid response (heritabilities of 0.51‐0.87) to selection for either longer or shorter beaks. This selection resulted in reverse evolution by restoring long beaks in the derived population and forward evolution by re-creating short beaks in the ancestral bugs. There were strong genetic correlations (0.68‐0.84) in both populations between beak lengths and the frequency of flight morphs, with short beaks associated with short wings. The results reveal a genetically interrelated set of adaptive multivariate traits including both beak length and flight morph. This suite of traits reflects host plant patchiness and seeding phenology. Weaker evidence suggests that egg mass and early egg production may be elements of the same suite. Reversible or forward evolution thus may occur in a broad set of genetically correlated multivariate traits undergoing rapid contemporary adaptation to altered local environments.

Meredith L Cenzer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • adult facilitation becomes competition as juvenile Soapberry bugs age
    Ecology and Evolution, 2021
    Co-Authors: Meredith L Cenzer
    Abstract:

    Intraspecific interactions can change from facilitative to competitive depending on the organism's ontogeny. In plant-feeding insects, host plant defenses can be strengthened or weakened by insect feeding and can therefore be important for determining whether two insects feeding on the same plant help or harm each other's fitness. Here, I conducted two experiments looking at the direct effect of a physical seed defense and the role of intraspecific facilitation in reducing the effects of that defense for juveniles of the red-shouldered Soapberry bug. I demonstrate that juveniles are severely inhibited by the tough seed coat of their host plant, leading to high mortality early in development. Adults, in contrast, can create holes through which younger individuals could potentially feed. I manipulated whether or not seeds were fed on by adults on two host plant species: a well-defended native host and a poorly defended introduced host. Survival in the first week of development was dramatically improved by prior adult feeding, and this facilitation was stronger on the well-defended host plant. However, the benefits of prior adult feeding ceased after the first week of development and shifted to having a negative effect on survival, development time, and body size. These results indicate that ontogeny is a key factor determining the effects of plant defenses and the strength and direction of intraspecific interactions across multiple host plant species.

  • adult facilitation becomes competition as juvenile Soapberry bugs age
    bioRxiv, 2017
    Co-Authors: Meredith L Cenzer
    Abstract:

    Whether intraspecific interactions are facilitative or competitive may change across individual ontogeny. In plant-feeding insects, the direction of this interaction is likely to be mediated by host plant defenses. Here I conducted two experiments looking at the direct effect of a physical seed defense and the role of intraspecific facilitation in reducing the effects of that defense for juveniles. I first demonstrate that juveniles of the red-shouldered Soapberry bug (Jadera haematoloma) are severely inhibited by the tough seed coat of their host plant, leading to high mortality early in development. Adults, in contrast, can create holes through which other individuals could potentially feed. I then manipulated whether or not seeds experienced adult feeding on two host plant species: a well-defended native host, balloon vine (Cardiospermum corindum) and a poorly defended introduced golden rain tree species (Koelreuteria elegans). I measured the effect of prior adult feeding on survival, development time, and final body size of Soapberry bug juveniles. Survival in the first week of development was dramatically improved by prior adult feeding on both hosts. However, the benefits of prior adult feeding ceased after the first week of development and shifted to having a negative effect on performance. These results indicate that adults breaking through the seedcoat initially facilitate juveniles, but that this facilitation becomes competition as juveniles age.

  • maladaptive plasticity masks the effects of natural selection in the red shouldered Soapberry bug
    The American Naturalist, 2017
    Co-Authors: Meredith L Cenzer
    Abstract:

    AbstractNatural selection can produce local adaptation, but local adaptation can be masked by maladaptive plasticity. Maladaptive plasticity may arise as a result of gene flow producing novel gene combinations that have not been exposed to selection. In the 1980s, populations of the red-shouldered Soapberry bug (Jadera haematoloma) were locally adapted to feed on the seeds of a native host plant and an introduced host plant; by 2014, local differentiation in beak length had been lost, likely as a consequence of increased gene flow. In this study, I assess the relative contributions of natural selection and plasticity to beak length on these two hosts. I confirm the earlier hypothesis that the host plant seedpod drives divergent natural selection on beak length. I then demonstrate that the proximate cause of the loss of observable differentiation in beak length is maladaptive plasticity, which masks persistent genetic differences between host-associated populations. Maladaptive plasticity is highest in are...

  • natural selection and maladaptive plasticity in the red shouldered Soapberry bug
    bioRxiv, 2016
    Co-Authors: Meredith L Cenzer
    Abstract:

    Natural selection and phenotypic plasticity can both produce locally differentiated phenotypes, but novel environments or gene combinations can produce plasticity that works in opposition to adaptive change. The red-shouldered Soapberry bug (Jadera haematoloma) was locally adapted to feed on the seeds of an introduced and a native host plant in Florida in the 1980s. By 2014, local differentiation was lost and replaced by phenotypically similar populations all adapted to the introduced host, likely as a result of gene flow. Here, I quantify the effects of these two host plants on individual performance, natural selection, and phenotypic plasticity. I find that the seed coat and seedpod of the native host have strong negative effects on juvenile survival and adult reproduction compared to the introduced host. I find support for the hypothesis that the seedpod is driving diversifying natural selection on beak length, which was previously locally adapted between hosts. I also find maladaptive plasticity induced by host plant: bugs develop beak lengths that are mismatched with the seedpod size of the host they are reared on. This plasticity may be the result of gene flow; hybrids in the 1990s showed the same pattern of maladaptive plasticity, and plasticity is stronger in the present in areas with high gene flow. Although ongoing natural selection has produced locally adapted genotypes in Soapberry bugs, maladaptive plasticity has masked the phenotypic difference between populations in the field.

  • adaptation to an invasive host is driving the loss of a native ecotype
    Evolution, 2016
    Co-Authors: Meredith L Cenzer
    Abstract:

    Locally adapted populations are often used as model systems for the early stages of ecological speciation, but most of these young divergent populations will never become complete species. The maintenance of local adaptation relies on the strength of natural selection overwhelming the homogenizing effects of gene flow; however, this balance may be readily upset in changing environments. Here I show that Soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma) have lost adaptations to their native host plant (Cardiospermum corindum) and are regionally specializing on an invasive host (Koelreuteria elegans), collapsing a classic and well-documented example of local adaptation. All populations that were adapted to the native host-including those still found on that host today-are now better adapted to the invasive host in multiple phenotypes. Weak differentiation remains in two traits, suggesting that homogenization across the region is incomplete. This study highlights the potential for adaptation to invasive species to disrupt native communities by swamping adaptation to native conditions through maladaptive gene flow.

Hugh Dingle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hybridization and adaptation to introduced balloon vines in an australian Soapberry bug
    Molecular Ecology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Jose A Andres, Hugh Dingle, Jenella E Loye, Michael Mathieson, Myron P Zalucki, P R Thampy, Scott P Carroll
    Abstract:

    Contemporary adaptation of plant feeding insects to introduced hosts provides clear cases of ecologically based population divergence. In most cases the mechanisms permitting rapid differentiation are not well known. Here we study morphological and genetic variation associated with recent shifts by the Australian Soapberry bug Leptocoris tagalicus onto two naturalized Neotropical balloon vines, Cardiospermum halicacabum and C.grandiflorum that differ in time since introduction. Our results show that these vines have much larger fruits than the native hosts (Whitewood tree -Atalaya hemiglauca- and Woolly Rambutan -Alectryon tomentosus-) and that bugs living on them have evolved significantly longer beaks and new allometries. Genetic analyses of mitochondrial haplotypes and amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers indicate that the lineage of bugs on the annual vine C.halicacabum, the older introduction, is intermediate between the two subspecies of L.tagalicus found on native hosts. Moreover, where the annual vine and Whitewood tree co-occur, the morphology and genomic composition of the bugs are similar to those occurring in allopatry. These results show that hybridization provided the genetic elements underlying the strongly differentiated Halicacabum bugs'. In contrast, the bugs feeding on the recently introduced perennial balloon vine (C.grandiflorum) showed no evidence of admixture, and are genetically indistinguishable from the nearby populations on a native host.

  • influence of genetic architecture on contemporary local evolution in the Soapberry bug jadera haematoloma artificial selection on beak length
    Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Hugh Dingle, Scott P Carroll, Thomas R Famula
    Abstract:

    Little is known about the influence of genetic architecture on local adaptation. We investigated the genetic architecture of the rapid contemporary evolution of mouthparts, the flight polymorphism and life history traits in the Soapberry bug Jadera haematoloma (Hemiptera) using laboratory selection. The mouthparts of these seed-feeding bugs have adapted in 40‐50 years by decreasing in length following novel natural selection induced by a host switch to the seeds of an introduced tree with smaller fruits than those of the native host vine. Laboratory selection on beak length in both an ancestral population feeding on the native host and a derived population feeding on the introduced host reveals genetic variance allowing a rapid response (heritabilities of 0.51‐0.87) to selection for either longer or shorter beaks. This selection resulted in reverse evolution by restoring long beaks in the derived population and forward evolution by re-creating short beaks in the ancestral bugs. There were strong genetic correlations (0.68‐0.84) in both populations between beak lengths and the frequency of flight morphs, with short beaks associated with short wings. The results reveal a genetically interrelated set of adaptive multivariate traits including both beak length and flight morph. This suite of traits reflects host plant patchiness and seeding phenology. Weaker evidence suggests that egg mass and early egg production may be elements of the same suite. Reversible or forward evolution thus may occur in a broad set of genetically correlated multivariate traits undergoing rapid contemporary adaptation to altered local environments.

  • ecology of leptocoris hahn hemiptera rhopalidae Soapberry bugs in australia
    Australian Journal of Entomology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Hugh Dingle, Scott P Carroll, Jenella E Loye, Michael Mathieson, Myron P Zalucki
    Abstract:

    Soapberry bugs are worldwide seed predators of plants in the family Sapindaceae. Australian sapinds are diverse and widespread, consisting of about 200 native trees and shrubs. This flora also includes two introduced environmental weeds, plus cultivated lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.). Accordingly, Australian Soapberry bugs may be significant in ecology, conservation and agriculture. Here we provide the first account of their ecology. We find five species of Leptocoris Hahn in Australia, and list sapinds that do and do not serve as reproductive hosts. From museum and field records we map the continental distributions of the insects and primary hosts. Frequency of occupation varies among host species, and the number of hosts varies among the insects. In addition, differences in body size and beak length are related to host use. For example, the long-beaked Leptocoris tagalicus Burmeister is highly polyphagous in eastern rainforests, where it occurs on at least 10 native and non-native hosts. It aggregates on hosts with immature fruit and commences feeding before fruits dehisce. Most of its continental range, however, matches that of a single dryland tree, Atalaya hemiglauca F. Muell., which has comparatively unprotected seeds. The taxon includes a smaller and shorter-beaked form that is closely associated with Atalaya, and appears to be taxonomically distinct. The other widespread Soapberry bug is the endemic Leptocoris mitellatus Bergroth. It too is short-beaked, and colonises hosts phenologically later than L. tagalicus, as seeds become more accessible in open capsules. Continentally its distribution is more southerly and corresponds mainly to that of Alectryon oleifolius Desf. Among all host species, the non-native environmental weeds Cardiospermum L. and Koelreuteria Laxm. are most consistently attacked, principally by L. tagalicus. These recent host shifts have biocontrol implications. In contrast, the sapinds planted as fruit crops appear to be less frequently used at present and mainly by the longer-beaked species.

  • And the beak shall inherit – evolution in response to invasion
    2005
    Co-Authors: Scott P Carroll, Hugh Dingle, Jenella E Loye, Michael Mathieson, Thomas R Famula, Myron P Zalucki
    Abstract:

    Abstract The increased demographic performance of biological invaders may often depend on their escape from specifically adapted enemies. Here we report that native taxa in colonized regions may swiftly evolve to exploit such emancipated exotic species because of selection caused by invaders. A native Australian true bug has expanded it host range to include a vine imported from tropical America that has become a serious environmental weed. Based on field comparisons and historical museum specimens, we show that over the past 30-40 years, seed feeding Soapberry bugs have evolved 5-10% longer mouthparts, better suited to attack the forest-invading balloon vines, which have large fruits. Laboratory experiments show that these differences are genetically based, and result in a near-doubling of the rate at which seeds are attacked. Thus a native biota that initially permits invasion may rapidly respond in ways that ultimately facilitate control

  • evolution of cryptic flight morph and life history differences during host race radiation in the Soapberry bug jadera haematoloma herrich schaeffer hemiptera rhopalidae
    Annals of The Entomological Society of America, 2003
    Co-Authors: Scott P Carroll, Ruth Winchell, Marilyn Marler, Hugh Dingle
    Abstract:

    The colonization of an introduced plant by s bugsin Florida hasres ulted in the rapid evolution of a distinctive "host race." Differences in the synchrony and persistence of local seed crops may have favored interracial differentiation in sight/life history tactics. To advance previous work, we quantiÞed seed availability in individual native and introduced host plants. We tested the prediction that the new hostOs relatively discrete period of annual seed production has selected for a higher frequency of a short-winged, sightless morph with a briefer generation time. Contrary to that prediction, short-winged bugs were not more common in the derived race, but further investigation revealed the unexpected presence of a long-winged morph, that like the short-winged, lacks sight muscle and exhibits the same rapid life cycle advantages. Consistent with prediction, the derived race, descended from volant long-winged colonists, shows an abundance of this "cryptic" sightless morph. In total, four sight/life history morphs were discovered, including two additional long-winged types that either histolyze or retain sight muscle. The morphs differed in life history traits both within and between host races. Morph frequency may be insuenced by evolution in correlated characters: we found that beak length, which has rapidly evolved to be shorter on the smaller fruits of the introduced host, is discontinuously distributed between sight morphs, being greater in long- winged bugs. This study shows complex, unpredicted evolutionary relations between a mobility character, a trophic character, and the life history.

Nadir Alvarez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • comparative performance of supertree algorithms in large data sets using the Soapberry family sapindaceae as a case study
    Systematic Biology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Sven Buerki, Felix Forest, Nicolas Salamin, Nadir Alvarez
    Abstract:

    For the last 2 decades, supertree reconstruction has been an active field of research and has seen the development of a large number of major algorithms. Because of the growing popularity of the supertree methods, it has become necessary to evaluate the performance of these algorithms to determine which are the best options (especially with regard to the supermatrix approach that is widely used). In this study, seven of the most commonly used supertree methods are investigated by using a large empirical data set (in terms of number of taxa and molecular markers) from the worldwide flowering plant family Sapindaceae. Supertree methods were evaluated using several criteria: similarity of the supertrees with the input trees, similarity between the supertrees and the total evidence tree, level of resolution of the supertree and computational time required by the algorithm. Additional analyses were also conducted on a reduced data set to test if the performance levels were affected by the heuristic searches rather than the algorithms themselves. Based on our results, two main groups of supertree methods were identified: on one hand, the matrix representation with parsimony (MRP), MinFlip, and MinCut methods performed well according to our criteria, whereas the average consensus, split fit, and most similar supertree methods showed a poorer performance or at least did not behave the same way as the total evidence tree. Results for the super distance matrix, that is, the most recent approach tested here, were promising with at least one derived method performing as well as MRP, MinFlip, and MinCut. The output of each method was only slightly improved when applied to the reduced data set, suggesting a correct behavior of the heuristic searches and a relatively low sensitivity of the algorithms to data set sizes and missing data. Results also showed that the MRP analyses could reach a high level of quality even when using a simple heuristic search strategy, with the exception of MRP with Purvis coding scheme and reversible parsimony. The future of supertrees lies in the implementation of a standardized heuristic search for all methods and the increase in computing power to handle large data sets. The latter would prove to be particularly useful for promising approaches such as the maximum quartet fit method that yet requires substantial computing power.

  • plastid and nuclear dna markers reveal intricate relationships at subfamilial and tribal levels in the Soapberry family sapindaceae
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2009
    Co-Authors: Sven Buerki, Philippe Kupfer, Martin W Callmander, Felix Forest, Pedro Acevedorodriguez, Johan A A Nylander, Mark G Harrington, Isabel Sanmartin, Nadir Alvarez
    Abstract:

    The economically important Soapberry family (Sapindaceae) comprises about 1900 species mainly found in the tropical regions of the world, with only a few genera being restricted to temperate areas. The infrafamilial classification of the Sapindaceae and its relationships to the closely related Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae – which have now been included in an expanded definition of Sapindaceae (i.e., subfamily Hippocastanoideae) – have been debated for decades. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis of Sapindaceae based on eight DNA sequence regions from the plastid and nuclear genomes and including 85 of the 141 genera defined within the family. Our study comprises 997 new sequences of Sapindaceae from 152 specimens. Despite presenting 18.6% of missing data our complete data set produced a topology fully congruent with the one obtained from a subset without missing data, but including fewer markers. The use of additional information therefore led to a consistent result in the relative position of clades and allowed the definition of a new phylogenetic hypothesis. Our results confirm a high level of paraphyly and polyphyly at the subfamilial and tribal levels and even contest the monophyletic status of several genera. Our study confirms that the Chinese monotypic genus Xanthoceras is sister to the rest of the family, in which subfamily Hippocastanoideae is sister to a clade comprising subfamilies Dodonaeoideae and Sapindoideae. On the basis of the strong support demonstrated in Sapindoideae, Dodonaeoideae and Hippocastanoideae as well as in 14 subclades, we propose and discuss informal groupings as basis for a new classification of Sapindaceae.

Iannacone José - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Toxicity of the biopesticides agave americana, Furcraea Andina (Asparagaceae) and Sapindus Saponaria (Sapindaceae) on invader snail Melanoides Tuberculata (Thiaridae).
    Asociación Peruana de Helmintología e Invertebrados afines (APHIA), 2013
    Co-Authors: Iannacone José, Alvariño Flores Lorena, La Torre, María Isabel, Cepeda Carla, Ayala Oroya Hildebrando, Argota George
    Abstract:

    One of the most studied plant families in the search for new therapeutic agents is the Asparagaceae, comprising 2480 species, Agave americana L. with the common name maguey and Furcraea andina Trel., named fique plant belong in this family. Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) known as western Soapberry is a widely distributed tree, whose fruit was observed to have larvicidal effects on ticks, antimicrobial activity, spermicide, fungicide and molluscicide. Melanoides tuberculata (Muller 1774) (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) is a snail with cosmopolitan distribution especially in tropical areas with high ecological importance. The invasive impact on the diversity of threatened native snails, or at least decrease the native shellfish populations, due to its high biotic potential and high reproductive rate. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of leaves of A. americana, F. andina and fruit of S. saponaria on M. tuberculata. The endpoint was mortality of the snail M. tuberculata to 24 hr of exposure, with recovery in clean water to 24 hr. The values of LC (median lethal concentration), NOEC (no 50 observable effect concentration) and LOEC (lowest concentration of observable effects) had the following sequence in order of decreasing toxicity: A. americana> F. andina> S. saponaria. The aqueous extract of A. americana molluscicides showed the best effects on M. tuberculata compared to the other two plants used.Una de las familias de plantas más estudiadas para la búsqueda de nuevos agentes terapéuticos es la Asparagaceae, la cual comprende 2480 especies, Agave americana L., conocida como cabuya azul y Furcraea andina Trel. conocida como cabuya pertenecen a esta familia. Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) conocida como boliche o choloque, es una planta arbórea de amplia distribución, en cuyos frutos se ha observado efectos larvicidas sobre garrapatas, actividad antimicrobiana, espermicida, fungicida y molusquicida. Melanoides tuberculata (Muller 1774) (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) es un caracol actualmente de distribución cosmopolita, con énfasis en el ámbito tropical y que presenta una alta importancia ecológica como invasora por su impacto sobre la diversidad de caracoles nativos, ya que desplaza y amenaza con desaparecer o por lo menos decrecer las poblaciones de moluscos nativos, debido a su alto potencial biótico, ser prolífica y a su tasa reproductiva alta. De esta forma, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la toxicidad aguda de las hojas de A. americana, F. andina y frutos de S. saponaria sobre M. tuberculata. El punto final de lectura fue la mortalidad del caracol M. tuberculataa 24 h de exposición, con recuperación en agua limpia a 24 h. Los valores de CL (Concentración letal media), NOEC (concentración de 50 efectos no observables) y LOEC (concentración más baja de efectos observables) presentaron la siguiente secuencia en orden de toxicidad decreciente: A. americana > F. andina > S. saponaria. El extracto acuoso de A. americana presentó los mejores efectos molusquicidas sobre M. tuberculata en comparación a las otras dos plantas empleadas

  • Toxicological effect from the stem cortex of the amazonic plant Soapberry Paullinia clavigera (Sapindaceae) upon three arthropods
    2010
    Co-Authors: Pérez D. Diana, Iannacone José, Pinedo Harvey
    Abstract:

    Toxicological efifects of four extracts proceeding from the stem cortex of the amazonic plant Paullinia clavigera D.R. Simpson (Sapindaceae) by decoction, ethanolic, chlorophormic and hexanic on three arthropods: Rhynchophoruspalmarían (Linnaeus, 1758) (Curculionidae), Eupalamides cyparissias (Fabricius, 1777) (Castniidae) and Artemia franciscana (Kellog, 1906) (Artemiidae) in Ucayali, Peru were studied. The four extracts at the highest concentration tested were: decoction at a proportion 1:10 (w/v), ethanolic, chlorophormic and hexanic at 100 mg·L-1. Toxic effects were evaluated at 12,24,48 and 72 hours on larvae of III in star of R. palmarum and larvae of II instar of E. cyparissias; and at 24 and 48 hours on nauplii of A. franciscana. Toxicity in terms of LC50 on the three arthropods evaluated depends of type of extract of Soapberry employed. In R. palmarum, decoction (LC50-72H = 59.15%) presented a high toxicity, although a significant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was observed at 40 mg·L-1 in comparison with control. The extracts of decoction (LC50-72H = 70.71 %) and ethanolic (LC50-72H = 66.21 mg·L-1) presented high toxicities onE. cyparissias, and finally, hexanic extracts (LC50-48H = 18.79 mg·L-1), decoction (LC50-48H = 23.82 %) and chlorophormic (LC50-48H = 23.64 mg·L-1) presented the highest toxicities on A. franciscana. In the phytochemical analysis, saponins showed a very positive reaction in hydroalcoholic extract, and flavonoids and phenols had a very positive reaction in extract of decoction. The triterpenes were present only in the hexane extract. The hydroalcoholic and decoction extract showed toxicity on the two pest R. palmarum and E. cyparissias, but only the hydroalcoholic compared to the other three extracts had the lowest effect of risk and higher selectivity to the aquatic environment on A. franciscana.Se determinó el efecto toxicológico de cuatro extractos procedentes de la corteza de la planta amazónica Paullinia clavigera D.R. Simpson (Sapindaceae) por decocción, hidroalcohólico, clorofórmico y hexánico sobre tres artrópodos: Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Curculionidae), Eupalamides cyparissias (Fabricius, 1777) (Castniidae) y Artemia franciscana (Kellog, 1906) (Artemiidae). Los cuatro extractos a la mayor concentración fueron: decocción a una proporción 1:10 (p/v), hidroalcohólico, clorofórmico y hexánico a 100 mg·L-1. El efecto tóxico fue evaluado a 12, 24, 48 y 72 H sobre las larvas del III estadio de R. palmarum y larvas del II estadio de E. cyparissias; y a 24 y 48 H sobre los nauplios de A. franciscana. La toxicidad en términos de CL50 en los tres artrópodos evaluados dependió del tipo de extracto de Sacha yoco empleado. En R. palmarum, la decocción (CL50-72H = 59,15%) presentó una alta toxicidad, aunque el hidroalcohólico presentó efectos significativos a 40 mg·L-1, en comparación al control. Los extractos por decocción (CL50-72H = 70,71 %) y hidroalcohólico (CL50-72H = 66,21 mg·L-1) presentaron altas toxicidades en E. cyparissias, y finalmente, los extractos hexánico (CL50-48H= 18,79 mg·L-1), por decocción (CL50-48H = 23,82 %) y clorofórmico (CL50-48H = 23,64 mg·L-1)) registraron las mayores toxicidades sobre A. franciscana. En el análisis fitoquímico, las saponinas presentaron reacción muy positiva en el extracto hidroalcohólico, y los flavonoides y los fenoles tuvieron reacción muy positiva en el extracto por decocción. Los triterpenos sólo se encontraron presentes en el extracto hexánico. El extracto hidroalcohólico y el de decocción mostraron toxicidad sobre las dos plagas i?, palmarum y E. cyparissias, pero sólo el hidroalcohólico, en comparación a los otros tres extractos, mostró el menor efecto de riesgo y de mayor selectividad en el ambiente acuático sobre A. franciscana

  • Efecto de paullinia clavigera "sacha yoco" (sapindaceae) sobre la eclosión de huevos de fasciola hepatica
    Asociación Peruana de Helmintología e Invertebrados afines (APHIA), 2008
    Co-Authors: Iannacone José, Alvariño Flores Lorena, Pérez Diana
    Abstract:

    Employment of plant extracts represent an alternative to integrated parasite management in Public health, due to its low cost and low impact on environment to conserve biodiversity. Current research aims to determinate the effect of Amazonian plant Soapberry Paullinia clavigera Simpson (Sapindaceae) on hatchability of Fasciola hepatica L. (Trematoda: Fasciolidae) eggs. Eggs were obtained from cattle processed at the Yerbateros abattoir, Lima, Peru. A phytochemical screening was done and hexane, chloroform and hydroalcohol extracts of cortex and leaves of P. clavigera were prepared. Bioassays to determinate the effect of Soapberry on hatchability of eggs were performed; those were incubated on extracts at 22°±2ºC during 21 days and finally exposed to light for 12 h. Significant differences between number of F. hepatica eggs exposed to each concentration in bioassays did not exist. The hatching of F. hepatica eggs was only affected by hexane extract of the cortex of P. clavigera to two higher concentrations. Toxicity observed on hexane extract of cortex of P. clavigera was noted in the presence of triterpenes, flavonoids and quinones.La utilización de extractos vegetales representa una alternativa para el manejo integrado de parásitos en Salud Pública, debido a su bajo costo y al menor impacto sobre el ambiente al conservar la biodiversidad. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto de los extractos de la planta amazónica Paullinia clavigera Simpson �Sacha yoco� (Sapindaceae) sobre la eclosión de huevos de Fasciola hepatica L. (Trematoda: Fasciolidae). Los huevos fueron obtenidos de bovinos procedentes del camal de Yerbateros, Lima, Perú. Se realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico y se prepararon los extractos hexánico, clorofórmico e hidroalcohólico a partir de la corteza y hoja de P. clavigera. Se realizaron bioensayos para determinar el efecto de Sacha yoco sobre la eclosión de los huevos, los cuales fueron incubados en los extractos a 22° ± 2º C durante 21 días y finalmente expuestos a la luz por 12 h. No existieron diferencias significativas entre el número de huevos de F. hepatica expuestos en cada una de las concentraciones en los bioensayos. Solo existió efecto en la eclosión de los huevos de F. hepatica por el extracto hexánico de corteza de P. clavigera a las dos concentraciones más altas. La toxicidad observada en el extracto hexánico de corteza de P. clavigera pudiera deberse a la presencia de triterpenos, flavonoides y quinonas