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Casimir C. Akoh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Microencapsulation of Stearidonic Acid soybean oil in Maillard reaction-modified complex coacervates
    Food Chemistry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ebenezer A. Ifeduba, Casimir C. Akoh
    Abstract:

    Abstract The antioxidant capacity of Maillard reaction (MR)–modified gelatin (GE)–gum arabic (GA) coacervates was optimized to produce microcapsules with superior oxidative stability compared to the unmodified control. MR was used to crosslink GE and GA, with or without maltodextrin (MD), to produce anti-oxidative Maillard reaction products (MRP) which was used to encapsulate Stearidonic Acid soybean oil (SDASO) by complex coacervation. Biopolymer blends (GE–GA [1:1, w/w] or GE–GA–MD [2:2:1, w/w/w]) were crosslinked by dry-heating at 80 °C for 4, 8, or 16 h. Relationships between the extent of browning, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and the total oxidation (TOTOX) of encapsulated SDASO were fitted to quadratic models. The [GE–GA–MD] blends exhibited higher browning rates and TEAC values than corresponding [GE–GA] blends. Depending on the type of biopolymer blend and dry-heating time, TOTOX values of SDASO in MRP-derived microcapsules were 29–87% lower than that of the non-crosslinked control after 30 days of storage.

  • microencapsulation of Stearidonic Acid soybean oil in complex coacervates modified for enhanced stability
    Food Hydrocolloids, 2015
    Co-Authors: Ebenezer A. Ifeduba, Casimir C. Akoh
    Abstract:

    Abstract The aim of this work was to compare encapsulation of Stearidonic Acid soybean oil (SDASO) by complex coacervation in the classical gelatin (GE)-gum arabic (GA) system with that of a Maillard reaction product (MRP). A portion of the control (microcapsules based on the GE-GA system) was cross-linked with transglutaminase (TG) after encapsulation. In the Maillard reaction (MR)-modified system, the gelatin-gum arabic mixture was cross-linked under controlled dry-heating conditions before use as encapsulating agent. The applicability of control, TG-, and MR-modified microcapsules in formulating SDASO-fortified yogurt was assessed for thermal and oxidative stability. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to confirm the covalent modification of encapsulants in TG- and MR-modified microcapsules. The MR-modified microcapsules displayed colloidal stability at conditions where the non-modified and TG-modified microcapsules were highly flocculated. ABTS free radical scavenging activity of control and modified GA-GE sols showed that antioxidant capacity was enhanced by MR but reduced by TG. The MR-modified microcapsules displayed superior oxidative stability during 28 days of storage at 4 °C compared to control, while the oxidative stability of TG-modified microcapsules was lowest. Based on the amount of oil released from microcapsules during heat treatment (85 °C for 30 min) in yogurt milk base, MR-modified microcapsules displayed the highest thermal stability. Furthermore, yogurts formulated with MR-modified microcapsules had the best oxidative stability during 14 days of storage at 4 °C demonstrating that the antioxidant components of MR-modified microcapsules had good carry-through properties.

  • Modification of Stearidonic Acid Soybean Oil by Immobilized Rhizomucor miehei Lipase to Incorporate Caprylic Acid
    Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ebenezer A. Ifeduba, Casimir C. Akoh
    Abstract:

    Immobilized sn -1,3 specific Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML) was used to catalyze the incorporation of caprylic Acid (C8:0) into high Stearidonic Acid (SDA, C18:4ω3) soybean oil (SDASO) to form structured lipids (SL). The effects of type of biocatalyst (Celite-, octyl-Sepharose-, and Duolite-immobilized RML) and reaction temperature (30, 40, 50, and 60 °C) on Acidolysis and acyl migration were studied. Celite-immobilized RML (C-RML) at 50 °C maximized C8:0 incorporation and minimized acyl migration compared to other treatments. Optimal levels of substrate molar ratio (C8:0 to SDASO), incubation time, and enzyme load for SL synthesis by C-RML at 50 °C was determined by response surface methodology to be 6:1, 24 h, and 20 % weight of substrates, respectively. This optimum treatment was scaled-up in hexane or solvent-free reaction media using SDASO or an SDA-enriched acylglycerol mixture as substrate. This yielded various SL with C8:0 contents ranging from 17.0 to 32.5 mol% and SDA contents ranging from 20.6 to 42.3 mol%. When digested, these SL may deliver C8:0 for quick energy and SDA for heart health making them potentially valuable for medical and nutraceutical applications.

  • chemoenzymatic method for producing Stearidonic Acid concentrates from Stearidonic Acid soybean oil
    Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2013
    Co-Authors: Ebenezer A. Ifeduba, Casimir C. Akoh
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to produce Stearidonic Acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) omega-3 concentrates from 25 % SDA soybean oil (SDASO) by enzymatic Acidolysis. Substrates were prepared by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of SDASO. A 62 % SDA free fatty Acid mixture (SDA-FFA) was obtained by low temperature crystallization of the chemical hydrolyzate while partial hydrolysis of SDASO by non-immobilized lipase AY 30 (Candida rugosa) yielded a 51 % SDA acylglycerol mixture (SDA-GLY). Reaction conditions for Acidolysis between SDA-FFA and SDA-GLY were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Incorporation of SDA into SDA-GLY by immobilized Lipozyme RM IM (Rhizomucor miehei) and non-immobilized Lipomod 34P-LO34P (C. cylindracea [rugosa]) lipases were modeled under varying levels of the substrate molar ratio (S r ), temperature (T), and time (t). Optimal conditions for production of a 60 % SDA concentrate were predicted to be S r  = 4.8, T = 65 °C and t = 8 h for Lipozyme RM IM and S r  = 5.0, T = 43 °C and t = 48 h for Lipomod 34P-L034P. The model was verified experimentally by gram scale synthesis under optimal conditions which resulted in the production of 59.98 and 58.98 % SDA concentrates (≥96 % triacylglycerols) by Lipozyme RM IM and Lipomod 34P-L034P, respectively.

  • production of trans free margarine with Stearidonic Acid soybean and high stearate soybean oils based structured lipid
    Journal of Food Science, 2012
    Co-Authors: Garima Pande, Casimir C. Akoh, Robert L Shewfelt
    Abstract:

    UNLABELLED Omega-3 fatty Acids (n-3 FAs) have been positively associated with prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Intake of high amounts of trans fatty Acids (TFAs) is correlated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, inflammation, and cancer. Structured lipid (SL) was synthesized using Stearidonic Acid (SDA) soybean oil and high-stearate soybean oil catalyzed by Lipozyme(®) TLIM lipase. The SL was compared to extracted fat (EF) from a commercial brand for FA profile, sn-2 positional FAs, triacylglycerol (TAG) profile, polymorphism, thermal behavior, oxidative stability, and solid fat content (SFC). Both SL and EF had similar saturated FA (about 31 mol%) and unsaturated FA (about 68 mol%), but SL had a much lower n-6/n-3 ratio (1.1) than EF (5.8). SL had 10.5 mol% SDA. After short-path distillation, a loss of 53.9% was observed in the total tocopherol content of SL. The tocopherols were lost as free tocopherols. SL and EF had similar melting profile, β' polymorph, and oxidative stability. Margarine was formulated using SL (SLM) and EF (RCM, reformulated commercial margarine). No sensory difference was observed between the 2 margarines. The SL synthesized in this study contained no TFA and possessed desirable polymorphism, thermal properties, and SFC for formulation of soft margarine. The margarine produced with this SL was trans-free and SDA-enriched. PRACTICAL APPLICATION The current research increases the food applications of Stearidonic Acid (SDA) soybean oil. trans-Free SDA containing SL was synthesized with desirable polymorph, thermal properties, and SFC for formulation of soft margarine. The margarine produced with this SL had no trans fat and had a low n-6/n-3 ratio. This may help in reducing trans fat intake in our diet while increasing n-3 FA intake.

C G Carter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • an extended feeding history with a Stearidonic Acid enriched diet from parr to smolt increases n 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty Acids biosynthesis in white muscle and liver of atlantic salmon salmo salar l
    Aquaculture, 2011
    Co-Authors: A R Bridle, Peter D Nichols, Basseer M Codabaccus, C G Carter
    Abstract:

    Abstract Vegetable oils (VO) are globally accepted alternatives for fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. The lack of n-3 long-chain (≥ C 20 ) polyunsaturated fatty Acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) in VO is a major constraint. Echium oil (EO), rich in Stearidonic Acid (SDA), has the potential to increase endogeneous n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis. We tested whether feeding Atlantic salmon an EO-based diet in both freshwater and seawater would increase n-3 LC-PUFA levels by comparing the fatty Acid (FA) profiles in liver and white muscle to fish fed FO and rapeseed oil (RO)-based diets. The gene expression of n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthetic enzymes was measured to demonstrate the underlying mechanism of n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis. After prolonged feeding with EO diet from freshwater to seawater phases, EO fish had higher n-3 LC-PUFA levels in both liver and white muscle compared to RO fish. However, FO fish had the highest n-3 LC-PUFA levels in examined tissues. Δ6 Desaturase gene expression in liver and white muscle was up-regulated in RO fish only, liver Δ5 desaturase gene expression was reduced in seawater and liver FA elongase gene expression was regulated by an interaction between dietary oil and environment. This study showed that feeding Atlantic salmon from parr to smolt using an SDA enriched diet increases n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis in liver and white muscle through increased supply of the n-3 LC-PUFA precursor SDA. The down regulation of Δ5 desaturase gene expression in the liver of seawater fish may explain environmental differences in n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis.

  • up regulated desaturase and elongase gene expression promoted accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty Acid pufa but not long chain pufa in lates calcarifer a tropical euryhaline fish fed a Stearidonic Acid and γ linoleic Acid enriched diet
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011
    Co-Authors: A R Bridle, Peter D Nichols, R Alhazzaa, C G Carter
    Abstract:

    The limited activity of Δ6 fatty Acid desaturase (FAD6) on α-linolenic (ALA, 18:3n-3) and linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) Acids in marine fish alters the long-chain (≥C(20)) polyunsaturated fatty Acid (LC-PUFA) concentration in fish muscle and liver when vegetable oils replace fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. Echium oil (EO), rich in Stearidonic Acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) and γ-linoleic Acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), may enhance the biosynthesis of n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFA by bypassing the rate-limiting FAD6 step. Nutritional and environmental modulation of the mechanisms in LC-PUFA biosynthesis was examined in barramundi, Lates calcarifer , a tropical euryhaline fish. Juveniles were maintained in either freshwater or seawater and fed different dietary LC-PUFA precursors present in EO or rapeseed oil (RO) and compared with FO. After 8 weeks, growth of fish fed EO was slower compared to the FO and RO treatments. Irrespective of salinity, expression of the FAD6 and elongase was up-regulated in fish fed EO and RO diets, but did not lead to significant accumulation of LC-PUFA in the neutral lipid of fish tissues as occurred in the FO treatment. However, significant concentrations of eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and arachidonic Acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), but not docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), appeared in liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle of fish fed EO with marked increases in the phospholipid fraction. Fish in the EO treatment had higher EPA and ARA in their liver phospholipids than fish fed FO. Endogenous conversion of dietary precursors into neutral lipid LC-PUFA appears to be limited by factors other than the initial rate-limiting step. In contrast, phospholipid LC-PUFA had higher biosynthesis, or selective retention, in barramundi fed EO rather than RO.

  • effect of feeding atlantic salmon salmo salar l a diet enriched with Stearidonic Acid from parr to smolt on growth and n 3 long chain pufa biosynthesis
    British Journal of Nutrition, 2011
    Co-Authors: Mohamed B Codabaccus, A R Bridle, Peter D Nichols, C G Carter
    Abstract:

    Vegetable oils (VO) have become the predominant substitute for fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds; however, the resultant lower content of n-3 long-chain ( ≥ C20) PUFA (n-3 LC-PUFA) in fish has put their use under scrutiny. The need to investigate new oil sources exists. The present study tested the hypothesis that in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), a high intake of Stearidonic Acid (SDA) from Echium oil (EO) would result in increased n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis due to a lower requirement for Δ6 desaturase. Comparisons were made with fish fed on diets containing rapeseed oil (RO) and FO in freshwater for 112 d followed by 96 d in seawater. EO fish had higher whole-carcass SDA and eicosatetraenoic Acid (ETA) in freshwater and prolonged feeding on the EO diet in seawater resulted in higher SDA, ETA, EPA and docosapentaenoic Acid (DPA) compared with RO fish. Fatty Acid mass balance of freshwater fish indicated higher biosynthesis of ETA and EPA in EO fish compared with fish fed on the other diets and a twofold increase in n-3 LC-PUFA synthesis compared with RO fish. In seawater, n-3 biosynthetic activity was low, with higher biosynthesis of ETA in EO fish and appearance of all desaturated and elongated products along the n-3 pathway. SDA-enriched VO are more suitable substitutes than conventional VO from a human consumer perspective due to the resulting higher SDA content, higher total n-3 and improved n-3:n-6 ratio obtained in fish, although both VO were not as effective as FO in maintaining EPA and DHA content in Atlantic salmon.

  • replacing dietary fish oil with echium oil enriched barramundi with c18 pufa rather than long chain pufa
    Aquaculture, 2011
    Co-Authors: A R Bridle, Peter D Nichols, R Alhazzaa, C G Carter
    Abstract:

    Vegetable oils (VO) are sustainable sources for replacement of fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. However, VO lacks the health-benefitting n-3 long-chain (－ C20) polyunsaturated fatty Acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) and potentially compromise farmed fish flesh quality for consumers. In a factorial experiment, barramundi (Lates calcarifer) were grown in either freshwater or seawater and fed on three diets containing different oil sources: FO; Stearidonic Acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) rich oil from Echium plantagineum (EO); or rapeseed oil (RO). RO and FO-fed fish grew faster than the EO treatment and all three dietary treatments were not affected by salinity. A fatty Acid mass balance showed that feeding barramundi on EO diet bypassed the first rate-limiting step in n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis. However, the fish did not accumulate high EPA or DHA content. Total PUFA, mainly of the n-3 series and dominated by ALA (18:3n-3) and SDA, in the whole body of EO fish was higher than for the FO and RO treatments. The n-3:n-6 ratio in EO treatment was less than for FO, but exceeded that in RO-fed fish. FA apparent metabolism as derived from the fatty Acid mass balance fluxes showed comparable kinetics for key enzymes, indicating limited efficiency for LC-PUFA biosynthesis from their C18 dietary precursors in barramundi fed EO or RO containing diets. Fish digested dietary FA and accumulated them efficiently regardless of the salinity. These findings establish a more comprehensive understanding for FA metabolism in barramundi fed different dietary lipids and at extremes of the species wide salinity range. Based on the observed levels of accumulation, EO-fed barramundi are a potentially rich source of ALA and SDA for human consumption. Keywords: Lates calcarifer; Oil replacement; Fatty Acid metabolism; Stearidonic Acid

  • increased elongase and desaturase gene expression with Stearidonic Acid enriched diet does not enhance long chain n 3 content of seawater atlantic salmon salmo salar l
    Journal of Nutrition, 2008
    Co-Authors: Matthew R Miller, A R Bridle, Peter D Nichols, C G Carter
    Abstract:

    Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) can produce (n-3) long-chain (LC)-PUFA when fed biosynthetic precursors. This has potential for developing sustainable aquafeeds. Echium oil (EO) is rich in Stearidonic Acid [SDA; 18:4(n-3)] and bypasses the initial D6 desaturase (FAD6) step in the (n-3) LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway. EO was fed to seawater Atlantic salmon for 12 wk and compared with fish fed a diet containing canola oil (CO), a source of a-linolenic Acid [ALA; 18:3(n-3)] or fish oil (FO) that provides (n-3) LC-PUFA. Fatty Acid (FA) composition of liver, white muscle, and whole fish was measured to show whether dietary precursors were endogenously biosynthesized to LC-PUFA. Gene expression of liver FA elongase and FAD5 was upregulated in EO fish compared with FO fish. Furthermore, dietary precursors affected the FA concentrations of direct biosynthetic products in all tissues. The increased gene expression in the EO fish was reflected by an increased FA concentration of eicosapentaenoic Acid [20:5(n-3)] in the liver compared with the CO fish. However, the high concentrations of (n-3) LC-PUFA found in seawater Atlantic salmon fed diets rich in FO were not attained via biosynthesis from precursors (ALA or SDA) in diets.

William S Harris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Stearidonic Acid enhanced soybean oil a plant based source of n 3 fatty Acids for foods
    Journal of Nutrition, 2012
    Co-Authors: William S Harris
    Abstract:

    Omega-3 (n-3) fatty Acids have been reported to have a variety of cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric benefits. Although obtaining the preformed fatty Acids EPA and DHA from their traditional source (fish) is optimal, such an approach may not be realistic for meeting the world's growing demand for (n-3) fatty Acids; therefore, a more sustainable and dependable source is needed. Stearidonic Acid (SDA) is a metabolic precursor of EPA that can be provided by SDA-enhanced soybean oil. Such a product can provide a sustainable source of (n-3) fatty Acids that does not endanger fish stocks. Two clinical trials have demonstrated that SDA-enhanced soybean oil can significantly improve an emerging marker of cardiovascular health, the omega-3 index (RBC EPA+DHA). The increase in the Index seen in these trials was used to estimate the potential clinical benefit of SDA consumption based on prior prospective cohort studies. In this analysis, risk for sudden cardiac death and the rate of cellular aging would both theoretically be reduced. The lower risk for major cardiac events seen in the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (which used EPA supplementation) suggests that raising EPA tissue levels, independent of changes in DHA, can have clinical benefit. Thus, the consumption of foods containing SDA-enhanced soybean oil may be both a practical and sustainable approach to enriching tissues with beneficial (n-3) fatty Acids.

  • Stearidonic Acid as a pro eicosapentaenoic Acid
    Current Opinion in Lipidology, 2012
    Co-Authors: William S Harris
    Abstract:

    Purpose of reviewω-3 Fatty Acids continue to be promoted as cardioprotective, generating an increased demand for these nutrients. Ocean-based supplies are limited, and so land-based sources are being sought. Stearidonic Acid-fortified soybean oil may help to meet this demand.Recent findingsStearidon

  • effects of duration of treatment and dosage of eicosapentaenoic Acid and Stearidonic Acid on red blood cell eicosapentaenoic Acid content
    Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2012
    Co-Authors: Elaine S Krul, William S Harris, Shawna L Lemke, Mary L Taylor, Daniel A Goldstein, Ratna Mukherjea, P Liu, Andrea L Lawless, Kevin C Maki
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective The purpose of this randomized, controlled, parallel group study was to characterize the relationships between dosages of Stearidonic Acid (SDA) and eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and incorporation of EPA into red blood cell (RBC) membranes over time. Methods Healthy subjects ( n =131) received capsules with placebo (safflower oil), SDA (0.43, 1.3, 2.6, or 5.2g/d) or EPA (0.44, 1.3, or 2.7g/d) for 12 weeks. RBC fatty Acids were analyzed biweekly. Results RBC %EPA increased in all EPA and SDA groups ( p p =0.187). For theoretical intakes of EPA of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.89g/d, the amounts of SDA needed to achieve equivalent RBC EPA enrichment were 0.61, 1.89, and 5.32g/d (conversion efficiencies of 41%, 26%, and 17%), respectively. Conclusions SDA increased RBC %EPA in a dosage and time-dependent manner at intakes as low as 1.3g/d.

  • dietary intake of Stearidonic Acid enriched soybean oil increases the omega 3 index randomized double blind clinical study of efficacy and safety
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010
    Co-Authors: Shawna L Lemke, John L Vicini, Elaine S Krul, Daniel A Goldstein, Margare A Nemeth, William S Harris
    Abstract:

    Background: The benefits of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty Acids to heart health are well established. Stearidonic Acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) may contribute to these benefits. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the ability of SDA-containing soybean oil to increase the omega-3 index [erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic Acid, as a percentage of total fatty Acids] and to affect other cardiovascular disease risk markers compared with EPA and regular soy oil (control). Design: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter study in which 252 overweight subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments for 12 wk: 1 g encapsulated soybean oil/d plus 14.7 g liquid soybean oil/d to be mixed in food (control group), 1 g encapsulated EPA/d plus 14.7 g liquid soybean oil/d (EPA group), and 1 g encapsulated soybean oil/d plus 14.7 g liquid SDA-enriched soybean oil/d, providing 4.2 g SDA (SDA group). Subjects consumed treatment oils in exchange for other oils in their diet. Results: The mean (±SE) baseline omega-3 index was similar between treatments, but after 12 wk of treatment values for this index were 4.15 ± 0.12%, 4.84 ± 0.13%, and 4.69 ± 0.15% for control, EPA, and SDA groups, respectively. Values for the EPA and SDA groups were greater than those for control subjects in the intent-to-treat population (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). No adverse treatment-related effects of SDA-enriched soybean oil were reported. Conclusions: SDA-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index by raising erythrocyte EPA concentrations. SDA-enriched soybean oil is a land-based n-3 fatty Acid that is a sustainable approach to increasing tissue concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty Acids.

  • Stearidonic Acid enriched soybean oil increased the omega 3 index an emerging cardiovascular risk marker
    Lipids, 2008
    Co-Authors: William S Harris, Shawna L Lemke, Susa N Hanse, Daniel A Goldstei, Mauree A Dirienzo, Margare A Nemeth, Mary L Taylo, Gulam Ahmed, Cheria George
    Abstract:

    A plant source of omega-3 fatty Acid (FA) that can raise tissue eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is needed. A soybean oil (SBO) containing approximately 20% Stearidonic Acid [SDA; the delta-6 desaturase product of alpha-linolenic Acid (ALA)] derived from genetically modified soybeans is under development. This study compared the effects of EPA to SDA-SBO on erythrocyte EPA + DHA levels (the omega-3 index). Overweight healthy volunteers (n = 45) were randomized to SDA-SBO (24 ml/day providing ~3.7 g SDA) or to regular SBO (control group) without or with EPA ethyl esters (~1 g/day) for 16 weeks. Serum lipids, blood pressure, heart rate, platelet function and safety laboratory tests were measured along with the omega-3 index. A per-protocol analysis was conducted on 33 subjects (11 per group). Compared to baseline, average omega-3 index levels increased 19.5% in the SDA group and 25.4% in the EPA group (p < 0.05 for both, vs. control). DHA did not change in any group. Relative to EPA, SDA increased RBC EPA with about 17% efficiency. No other clinical endpoints were affected by SDA or EPA treatment (vs. control). In conclusion, SDA-enriched SBO significantly raised the omega-3 index. Since EPA supplementation has been shown to raise the omega-3 index and to lower risk for cardiac events, SDA-SBO may be a viable plant-based alternative for providing meaningful intakes of cardioprotective omega-3 FAs.

Shawna L Lemke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • consumption of Stearidonic Acid rich oil in foods increases red blood cell eicosapentaenoic Acid
    Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2013
    Co-Authors: Shawna L Lemke, Kevin C Maki, Glenna Hughes, Mary L Taylor, Elaine S Krul, Daniel A Goldstein, Tia M Rains, Ratna Mukherjea
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Consumption of soybean oil enriched with Stearidonic Acid was previously shown to increase eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) in red blood cells (RBC). Objective This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Stearidonic Acid oil used as a food ingredient in baked products and beverages on the RBC fatty Acid profile. Design This was a randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel-arm study. Participants Healthy men and women 21 to 65 years of age were included. Intervention Participants consumed either negative control (1.5 g/day high-oleic sunflower ethyl ester oil softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day high-oleic sunflower oil), positive control (1.5 g/day EPA oil ethyl ester softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day high-oleic sunflower oil), or active (1.5 g/day high-oleic sunflower ethyl ester oil softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day Stearidonic Acid soybean oil) for 12 weeks. Main outcome measures RBC membrane fatty Acid profile (at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12); fasting serum lipids (weeks −2, 0, 6, 10, and 12); and fasting plasma glucose and insulin (weeks −2, 0, 10, and 12) were assessed. Statistical analyses performed A repeated measures analysis of covariance was used for continuous variables, and pair-wise comparisons between treatments were adjusted using a step-down Bonferroni method. Fisher's exact or χ 2 tests were used for categorical data. Results RBC %EPA throughout the 12-week study were significantly different between all groups. Means at 12 weeks were 0.50%±0.03%, 2.17%±0.21%, and 0.85%±0.05% for control, EPA, and Stearidonic Acid, respectively. Other efficacy outcome measures were not significantly different among treatment groups. Conclusions Consumption of Stearidonic Acid-enriched soybean oil incorporated into common foods increased RBC %EPA in healthy men and women. Stearidonic Acid soybean oil, a sustainable and accessible source of long-chain n-3, can effectively be used to increase EPA in RBC.

  • effects of duration of treatment and dosage of eicosapentaenoic Acid and Stearidonic Acid on red blood cell eicosapentaenoic Acid content
    Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2012
    Co-Authors: Elaine S Krul, William S Harris, Shawna L Lemke, Mary L Taylor, Daniel A Goldstein, Ratna Mukherjea, P Liu, Andrea L Lawless, Kevin C Maki
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective The purpose of this randomized, controlled, parallel group study was to characterize the relationships between dosages of Stearidonic Acid (SDA) and eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and incorporation of EPA into red blood cell (RBC) membranes over time. Methods Healthy subjects ( n =131) received capsules with placebo (safflower oil), SDA (0.43, 1.3, 2.6, or 5.2g/d) or EPA (0.44, 1.3, or 2.7g/d) for 12 weeks. RBC fatty Acids were analyzed biweekly. Results RBC %EPA increased in all EPA and SDA groups ( p p =0.187). For theoretical intakes of EPA of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.89g/d, the amounts of SDA needed to achieve equivalent RBC EPA enrichment were 0.61, 1.89, and 5.32g/d (conversion efficiencies of 41%, 26%, and 17%), respectively. Conclusions SDA increased RBC %EPA in a dosage and time-dependent manner at intakes as low as 1.3g/d.

  • abstract 14032 a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of foods containing Stearidonic Acid soybean oil on eicosapentaenoic Acid levels of red blood cells and omega 3 index
    Circulation, 2011
    Co-Authors: Elaine S Krul, Shawna L Lemke, Glenna Hughes, Mary L Taylor, Daniel A Goldstein, Ratna Mukherjea, Kevin C Maki
    Abstract:

    Stearidonic Acid (SDA) is a product of delta-6 desaturase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of alpha-linolenic Acid (ALA) to eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). Soybean oil enriched with SDA, produced through biotechnology, is a source of omega-3 fatty Acids. Previous studies demonstrated an increase in %EPA in red blood cells (RBC) in people consuming SDA-enriched soybean oil or SDA ethyl esters. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of SDA, when incorporated as a food ingredient, on EPA enrichment of RBC membranes and the omega-3-index in men and women. Healthy subjects (N=127) were randomized to three diet interventions and 108 subjects completed the 12-wk study. Treatments were: 1) 1.5 g/d of high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) by capsule and food containing HOSO (Control); 2) 1.5 g/d of EPA ethyl ester by capsule and food containing HOSO (EPA); and, 3) 1.5 g/d of HOSO by capsule and food containing SDA soybean oil (SDA). Food sources provided 7.5 g/d of oil in two baked bars and one beverage daily. The SDA and EPA groups provided 1.6 g SDA/d and 1.35 g EPA/d, respectively. No treatment-specific adverse events were observed. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Mean %EPA in RBC were 0.5, 2.17, and 0.85% for Control, EPA and SDA groups and were significantly greater for EPA and SDA compared to Control (P 0.05) among all treatment groups. This study confirmed that significant increases in RBC EPA could be achieved through consumption of foods easily formulated to contain SDA-enriched soybean .

  • dietary intake of Stearidonic Acid enriched soybean oil increases the omega 3 index randomized double blind clinical study of efficacy and safety
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010
    Co-Authors: Shawna L Lemke, John L Vicini, Elaine S Krul, Daniel A Goldstein, Margare A Nemeth, William S Harris
    Abstract:

    Background: The benefits of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty Acids to heart health are well established. Stearidonic Acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) may contribute to these benefits. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the ability of SDA-containing soybean oil to increase the omega-3 index [erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic Acid, as a percentage of total fatty Acids] and to affect other cardiovascular disease risk markers compared with EPA and regular soy oil (control). Design: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter study in which 252 overweight subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments for 12 wk: 1 g encapsulated soybean oil/d plus 14.7 g liquid soybean oil/d to be mixed in food (control group), 1 g encapsulated EPA/d plus 14.7 g liquid soybean oil/d (EPA group), and 1 g encapsulated soybean oil/d plus 14.7 g liquid SDA-enriched soybean oil/d, providing 4.2 g SDA (SDA group). Subjects consumed treatment oils in exchange for other oils in their diet. Results: The mean (±SE) baseline omega-3 index was similar between treatments, but after 12 wk of treatment values for this index were 4.15 ± 0.12%, 4.84 ± 0.13%, and 4.69 ± 0.15% for control, EPA, and SDA groups, respectively. Values for the EPA and SDA groups were greater than those for control subjects in the intent-to-treat population (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). No adverse treatment-related effects of SDA-enriched soybean oil were reported. Conclusions: SDA-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index by raising erythrocyte EPA concentrations. SDA-enriched soybean oil is a land-based n-3 fatty Acid that is a sustainable approach to increasing tissue concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty Acids.

  • Stearidonic Acid enriched soybean oil increased the omega 3 index an emerging cardiovascular risk marker
    Lipids, 2008
    Co-Authors: William S Harris, Shawna L Lemke, Susa N Hanse, Daniel A Goldstei, Mauree A Dirienzo, Margare A Nemeth, Mary L Taylo, Gulam Ahmed, Cheria George
    Abstract:

    A plant source of omega-3 fatty Acid (FA) that can raise tissue eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and/or docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is needed. A soybean oil (SBO) containing approximately 20% Stearidonic Acid [SDA; the delta-6 desaturase product of alpha-linolenic Acid (ALA)] derived from genetically modified soybeans is under development. This study compared the effects of EPA to SDA-SBO on erythrocyte EPA + DHA levels (the omega-3 index). Overweight healthy volunteers (n = 45) were randomized to SDA-SBO (24 ml/day providing ~3.7 g SDA) or to regular SBO (control group) without or with EPA ethyl esters (~1 g/day) for 16 weeks. Serum lipids, blood pressure, heart rate, platelet function and safety laboratory tests were measured along with the omega-3 index. A per-protocol analysis was conducted on 33 subjects (11 per group). Compared to baseline, average omega-3 index levels increased 19.5% in the SDA group and 25.4% in the EPA group (p < 0.05 for both, vs. control). DHA did not change in any group. Relative to EPA, SDA increased RBC EPA with about 17% efficiency. No other clinical endpoints were affected by SDA or EPA treatment (vs. control). In conclusion, SDA-enriched SBO significantly raised the omega-3 index. Since EPA supplementation has been shown to raise the omega-3 index and to lower risk for cardiac events, SDA-SBO may be a viable plant-based alternative for providing meaningful intakes of cardioprotective omega-3 FAs.

Elaine S Krul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effect of Stearidonic Acid enriched soybean oil on fatty Acid profile and metabolic parameters in lean and obese zucker rats
    Lipids in Health and Disease, 2013
    Co-Authors: John M Casey, William J. Banz, Elaine S Krul, Daniel A Goldstein, Dustie N Butteiger, Jeremy E Davis
    Abstract:

    Consumption of marine-based oils high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty Acids (n3PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is known to protect against obesity-related pathologies. It is less clear whether traditional vegetable oils with high omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty Acid (n6PUFA) content exhibit similar therapeutic benefits. As such, this study examined the metabolic effects of a plant-based n3PUFA, Stearidonic Acid (SDA), in polygenic obese rodents. Lean (LZR) and obese Zucker (OZR) rats were provided either a standard westernized control diet (CON) with a high n6PUFA to n3PUFA ratio (i.e., 16.2/1.0) or experimental diet modified with flaxseed (FLAX), menhaden (FISH), or SDA oil that resulted in n6PUFA to n3PUFA ratios of 1.7/1.0, 1.3/1.0, and 1.0/0.8, respectively. After 12 weeks, total adiposity, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hepatic steatosis were all greater, whereas n3PUFA content in liver, adipose, and muscle was lower in OZR vs. LZR rats. Obese rodents fed modified FISH or SDA diets had lower serum lipids and hepatic fat content vs. CON. The omega-3 index (i.e., ΣEPA + DHA in erythrocyte membrane) was 4.0, 2.4, and 2.0-fold greater in rodents provided FISH, SDA, and FLAX vs. CON diet, irrespective of genotype. Total hepatic n3PUFA and DHA was highest in rats fed FISH, whereas both hepatic and extra-hepatic EPA was higher with FISH and SDA groups. These data indicate that SDA oil represents a viable plant-derived source of n3PUFA, which has therapeutic implications for several obesity-related pathologies.

  • consumption of Stearidonic Acid rich oil in foods increases red blood cell eicosapentaenoic Acid
    Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2013
    Co-Authors: Shawna L Lemke, Kevin C Maki, Glenna Hughes, Mary L Taylor, Elaine S Krul, Daniel A Goldstein, Tia M Rains, Ratna Mukherjea
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Consumption of soybean oil enriched with Stearidonic Acid was previously shown to increase eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) in red blood cells (RBC). Objective This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Stearidonic Acid oil used as a food ingredient in baked products and beverages on the RBC fatty Acid profile. Design This was a randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel-arm study. Participants Healthy men and women 21 to 65 years of age were included. Intervention Participants consumed either negative control (1.5 g/day high-oleic sunflower ethyl ester oil softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day high-oleic sunflower oil), positive control (1.5 g/day EPA oil ethyl ester softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day high-oleic sunflower oil), or active (1.5 g/day high-oleic sunflower ethyl ester oil softgel capsules+foods containing 7 g/day Stearidonic Acid soybean oil) for 12 weeks. Main outcome measures RBC membrane fatty Acid profile (at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12); fasting serum lipids (weeks −2, 0, 6, 10, and 12); and fasting plasma glucose and insulin (weeks −2, 0, 10, and 12) were assessed. Statistical analyses performed A repeated measures analysis of covariance was used for continuous variables, and pair-wise comparisons between treatments were adjusted using a step-down Bonferroni method. Fisher's exact or χ 2 tests were used for categorical data. Results RBC %EPA throughout the 12-week study were significantly different between all groups. Means at 12 weeks were 0.50%±0.03%, 2.17%±0.21%, and 0.85%±0.05% for control, EPA, and Stearidonic Acid, respectively. Other efficacy outcome measures were not significantly different among treatment groups. Conclusions Consumption of Stearidonic Acid-enriched soybean oil incorporated into common foods increased RBC %EPA in healthy men and women. Stearidonic Acid soybean oil, a sustainable and accessible source of long-chain n-3, can effectively be used to increase EPA in RBC.

  • effects of duration of treatment and dosage of eicosapentaenoic Acid and Stearidonic Acid on red blood cell eicosapentaenoic Acid content
    Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 2012
    Co-Authors: Elaine S Krul, William S Harris, Shawna L Lemke, Mary L Taylor, Daniel A Goldstein, Ratna Mukherjea, P Liu, Andrea L Lawless, Kevin C Maki
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective The purpose of this randomized, controlled, parallel group study was to characterize the relationships between dosages of Stearidonic Acid (SDA) and eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA), and incorporation of EPA into red blood cell (RBC) membranes over time. Methods Healthy subjects ( n =131) received capsules with placebo (safflower oil), SDA (0.43, 1.3, 2.6, or 5.2g/d) or EPA (0.44, 1.3, or 2.7g/d) for 12 weeks. RBC fatty Acids were analyzed biweekly. Results RBC %EPA increased in all EPA and SDA groups ( p p =0.187). For theoretical intakes of EPA of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.89g/d, the amounts of SDA needed to achieve equivalent RBC EPA enrichment were 0.61, 1.89, and 5.32g/d (conversion efficiencies of 41%, 26%, and 17%), respectively. Conclusions SDA increased RBC %EPA in a dosage and time-dependent manner at intakes as low as 1.3g/d.

  • abstract 14032 a randomized controlled trial to assess the effects of foods containing Stearidonic Acid soybean oil on eicosapentaenoic Acid levels of red blood cells and omega 3 index
    Circulation, 2011
    Co-Authors: Elaine S Krul, Shawna L Lemke, Glenna Hughes, Mary L Taylor, Daniel A Goldstein, Ratna Mukherjea, Kevin C Maki
    Abstract:

    Stearidonic Acid (SDA) is a product of delta-6 desaturase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of alpha-linolenic Acid (ALA) to eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). Soybean oil enriched with SDA, produced through biotechnology, is a source of omega-3 fatty Acids. Previous studies demonstrated an increase in %EPA in red blood cells (RBC) in people consuming SDA-enriched soybean oil or SDA ethyl esters. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of SDA, when incorporated as a food ingredient, on EPA enrichment of RBC membranes and the omega-3-index in men and women. Healthy subjects (N=127) were randomized to three diet interventions and 108 subjects completed the 12-wk study. Treatments were: 1) 1.5 g/d of high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) by capsule and food containing HOSO (Control); 2) 1.5 g/d of EPA ethyl ester by capsule and food containing HOSO (EPA); and, 3) 1.5 g/d of HOSO by capsule and food containing SDA soybean oil (SDA). Food sources provided 7.5 g/d of oil in two baked bars and one beverage daily. The SDA and EPA groups provided 1.6 g SDA/d and 1.35 g EPA/d, respectively. No treatment-specific adverse events were observed. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. Mean %EPA in RBC were 0.5, 2.17, and 0.85% for Control, EPA and SDA groups and were significantly greater for EPA and SDA compared to Control (P 0.05) among all treatment groups. This study confirmed that significant increases in RBC EPA could be achieved through consumption of foods easily formulated to contain SDA-enriched soybean .

  • dietary intake of Stearidonic Acid enriched soybean oil increases the omega 3 index randomized double blind clinical study of efficacy and safety
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010
    Co-Authors: Shawna L Lemke, John L Vicini, Elaine S Krul, Daniel A Goldstein, Margare A Nemeth, William S Harris
    Abstract:

    Background: The benefits of omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty Acids to heart health are well established. Stearidonic Acid (SDA, 18:4n-3) may contribute to these benefits. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the ability of SDA-containing soybean oil to increase the omega-3 index [erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic Acid, as a percentage of total fatty Acids] and to affect other cardiovascular disease risk markers compared with EPA and regular soy oil (control). Design: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter study in which 252 overweight subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments for 12 wk: 1 g encapsulated soybean oil/d plus 14.7 g liquid soybean oil/d to be mixed in food (control group), 1 g encapsulated EPA/d plus 14.7 g liquid soybean oil/d (EPA group), and 1 g encapsulated soybean oil/d plus 14.7 g liquid SDA-enriched soybean oil/d, providing 4.2 g SDA (SDA group). Subjects consumed treatment oils in exchange for other oils in their diet. Results: The mean (±SE) baseline omega-3 index was similar between treatments, but after 12 wk of treatment values for this index were 4.15 ± 0.12%, 4.84 ± 0.13%, and 4.69 ± 0.15% for control, EPA, and SDA groups, respectively. Values for the EPA and SDA groups were greater than those for control subjects in the intent-to-treat population (P < 0.001 and P = 0.006, respectively). No adverse treatment-related effects of SDA-enriched soybean oil were reported. Conclusions: SDA-enriched soybean oil increased the omega-3 index by raising erythrocyte EPA concentrations. SDA-enriched soybean oil is a land-based n-3 fatty Acid that is a sustainable approach to increasing tissue concentrations of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty Acids.