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Nafees A Khan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ethylene supplementation increases psii efficiency and alleviates chromium inhibited photosynthesis through increased nitrogen and Sulfur Assimilation in mustard
Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 2018Co-Authors: Mohd Asgher, Tasir S Per, Susheel Verma, Shahzad A Pandith, Asim Masood, Nafees A KhanAbstract:The effect of chromium (Cr) toxicity on four cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea), Varuna, Pusa Bold, Rohini and SS2, was studied to select the cultivar with the highest tolerance potential based on higher photosynthesis and growth and lower oxidative stress. Plants receiving Cr showed enhanced superoxide production, accumulation of H2O2 and lipid peroxidation and reductions in photosynthesis and growth. We also studied the potential of ethephon (ethylene source; 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) in the amelioration of Cr-induced oxidative stress in the Varuna cultivar which had the highest tolerance potential. Supplementation of plants with ethylene resulted in the alleviation of Cr-induced stress by enhancing proline accumulation and the activity of proline metabolism enzymes and glutamyl kinase, and reduction in proline oxidase activity. Ethylene also increased the activity of enzymes of Sulfur Assimilation, ATP-Sulfurylase and serine acetyl transferase and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, application of ethylene to plants under Cr stress resulted in ethylene levels in the optimal range and increased the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase, reduced oxidative stress and increased photosynthesis and growth. The key role of ethylene in the reversal of Cr-induced photosynthetic inhibition was clearly seen with the application of the ethylene action inhibitor, silver nitrate (AgNO3). The supplementation of AgNO3 resulted in decreased GSH and proline content and lowered ethylene production and photosynthetic and growth compared to ethylene-treated plants. This suggests that ethylene is involved in -reversal of Cr inhibited photosynthesis and growth in mustard.
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involvement of ethylene in gibberellic acid induced Sulfur Assimilation photosynthetic responses and alleviation of cadmium stress in mustard
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Asim Masood, Mohd Asgher, Tasir S Per, Iqbal M R Khan, Mehar Fatma, Nafees A KhanAbstract:The role of gibberellic acid (GA) or Sulfur (S) in stimulation of photosynthesis is known. However, information on the involvement of ethylene in GA-induced photosynthetic responses and cadmium (Cd) tolerance is lacking. This work shows that ethylene is involved in S-Assimilation, photosynthetic responses and alleviation of Cd stress by GA in mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Plants grown with 200 mg Cd kg(-1) soil were less responsive to ethylene despite high ethylene evolution and showed photosynthetic inhibition. Plants receiving 10 μM GA spraying plus 100 mg S kg(-1) soil supplementation exhibited increased S-Assimilation and photosynthetic responses under Cd stress. Application of GA plus S decreased oxidative stress of plants grown with Cd and limited stress ethylene formation to the range suitable for promoting Sulfur use efficiency (SUE), glutathione (GSH) production and photosynthesis. The role of ethylene in GA-induced S-Assimilation and reversal of photosynthetic inhibition by Cd was substantiated by inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis with the use of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). The suppression of S-Assimilation and photosynthetic responses by inhibiting ethylene in GA plus S treated plants under Cd stress indicated the involvement of ethylene in GA-induced S-Assimilation and Cd stress alleviation. The outcome of the study is important to unravel the interaction between GA and ethylene and their role in Cd tolerance in plants.
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interplay between nitric oxide and Sulfur Assimilation in salt tolerance in plants
Crop Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Mehar Fatma, Asim Masood, Tasir S Per, Faisal Rasheed, Nafees A KhanAbstract:Abstract Nitric oxide (NO), a versatile molecule, plays multiple roles in plant growth and development and is a key signaling molecule in plant response to abiotic stress. Nutrient management strategy is critical for abiotic stress alleviation in plants. Sulfur (S) is important under stress conditions, as its assimilatory products neutralize the imbalances in cells created by excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). NO abates the harmful effects of ROS by enhancing antioxidant enzymes, stimulating S Assimilation, and reacting with other target molecules, and regulates the expression of various stress-responsive genes under salt stress. This review focuses on the role of NO and S in responses of plants to salt stress, and describes the crosstalk between NO and S Assimilation in salt tolerance. The regulation of NO and/or S Assimilation using molecular biology tools may help crops to withstand salinity stress.
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nitric oxide alleviates salt stress inhibited photosynthetic performance by interacting with Sulfur Assimilation in mustard
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016Co-Authors: Mehar Fatma, Asim Masood, Tasir S Per, Nafees A KhanAbstract:The role of nitric oxide (NO) and/or Sulfur (S) on stomatal and photosynthetic responses was studied in mustard (Brassica juncea L.) in presence or absence of salt stress. The combined application of 100 µM NO (as sodium nitroprusside) and 200 mg S kg-1 soil (excess-S) more prominently influenced stomatal behaviour, photosynthetic and growth responses in the absence of salt stress and alleviated salt stress effects on photosynthesis. Plants receiving combined treatment of NO plus excess-S showed well-developed thylakoid membrane and properly stacked grana lamellae under salt stress, while the chloroplasts from salt-stressed plants had disorganized thylakoids. Moreover, the leaves from the NO and excess-S treated plants exhibited lower superoxide ion accumulation under salt stress, induced activity of ATP-Sulfurylase (ATPS), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) and optimized NO generation that helped in minimizing oxidative stress. The enhanced S-Assimilation of these plants resulted in increased production of cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) reduced. These findings indicated that NO influenced photosynthesis under salt stress by regulating oxidative stress and its effects on S-Assimilation, an antioxidant system and NO generation.The results suggest that NO improves photosynthetic responses of plants grown under salt stress more effectively when plants received excess-S. Thus, excess-S conditions may be adopted for higher impact of NO in the reversal of salt stress effects on photosynthesis.
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cross talk between Sulfur Assimilation and ethylene signaling in plants
Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2013Co-Authors: Noushina Iqbal, Mohd Asgher, Asim Masood, Iqbal M R Khan, Mehar Fatma, Nafees A KhanAbstract:Sulfur (S) deficiency is prevailing all over the world and becoming an important issue for crop improvement through maximising its utilization efficiency by plants for sustainable agriculture. Its interaction with other regulatory molecules in plants is necessary to improve our understanding on its role under changing environment. Our knowledge on the influence of S on ethylene signaling is meagre although it is a constituent of cysteine (Cys) required for the synthesis of reduced glutathione (GSH) and S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), a precursor of ethylene biosynthesis. Thus, there may be an interaction between S Assimilation, ethylene signaling and plant responses under optimal and stressful environmental conditions. The present review emphasizes that responses of plants to S involve ethylene action. This evaluation will provide an insight into the details of interactive role of S and ethylene signaling in regulating plant processes and prove profitable for developing sustainability under changing environmental conditions.
Kazuki Saito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sulfur Assimilation in Photosynthetic Organisms: Molecular Functions and Regulations of Transporters and Assimilatory Enzymes
Annual review of plant biology, 2011Co-Authors: Hideki Takahashi, Kazuki Saito, Stanislav Kopriva, Mario Giordano, Rudiger HellAbstract:Sulfur is required for growth of all organisms and is present in a wide variety of metabolites having distinctive biological functions. Sulfur is cycled in ecosystems in nature where conversion of sulfate to organic Sulfur compounds is primarily dependent on sulfate uptake and reduction pathways in photosynthetic organisms and microorganisms. In vascular plant species, transport proteins and enzymes in this pathway are functionally diversified to have distinct biochemical properties in specific cellular and subcellular compartments. Recent findings indicate regulatory processes of sulfate transport and metabolism are tightly connected through several modes of transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. This review provides up-to-date knowledge in functions and regulations of Sulfur Assimilation in plants and algae, focusing on sulfate transport systems and metabolic pathways for sulfate reduction and synthesis of downstream metabolites with diverse biological functions.
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metabolic engineering of Sulfur Assimilation in plants
2007Co-Authors: Masaaki Noji, Kazuki SaitoAbstract:Sulfur and Sulfur-containing products play important roles in plant cells. In order to enhance the ability of the production of Sulfur-containing compounds by the metabolic engineering of Sulfur Assimilation in plants, we constructed transgenic plants over-expressing cysteine synthase (CSase), or serine acetyltransferase (SATase) gene, key enzymes for cysteine biosynthesis in plants. Transgenic plants over-expressing CSase gene were highly tolerant to Sulfur dioxide, sulfite, oxidative stress, and cadmium. Besides, transgenic plants over-expressing SATase gene showed the over-accumulation of Sulfur-containing compounds, cysteine and glutathione (GSH). These results indicate that the over-expression of CSase or SATase gene is promising for the metabolic engineering of Sulfur Assimilation in plants
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characterization and expression analysis of a serine acetyltransferase gene family involved in a key step of the Sulfur Assimilation pathway in arabidopsis
Plant Physiology, 2005Co-Authors: Cintia G Kawashima, Masaaki Noji, Oliver Berkowitz, Ruediger Hell, Kazuki SaitoAbstract:Ser acetyltransferase (SATase; EC 2.3.1.30) catalyzes the formation of O-acetyl-Ser from L-Ser and acetyl-CoA, leading to synthesis of Cys. According to its position at the decisive junction of the pathways of Sulfur Assimilation and amino acid metabolism, SATases are subject to regulatory mechanisms to control the flux of Cys synthesis. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) there are five genes encoding SATase-like proteins. Two isoforms, Serat3;1 and Serat3;2, were characterized with respect to their enzymatic properties, feedback inhibition by L-Cys, and subcellular localization. Functional identity of Serat3;1 and Serat3;2 was established by complementation of a SATase-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli. Cytosolic localization of Serat3;1 and Serat3;2 was confirmed by using fusion construct with the green fluorescent protein. Recombinant Serat3;1 was not inhibited by L-Cys, while Serat3;2 was a strongly feedback-inhibited isoform. Quantification of expression patterns indicated that Serat2;1 is the dominant form expressed in most tissues examined, followed by Serat1;1 and Serat2;2. Although Serat3;1 and Serat3;2 were expressed weakly in most tissues, Serat3;2 expression was significantly induced under Sulfur deficiency and cadmium stress as well as during generative developmental stages, implying that Serat3;1 and Serat3;2 have specific roles when plants are subjected to distinct conditions. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the green fluorescent protein under the control of the five promoters indicated that, in all Serat genes, the expression was predominantly localized in the vascular system, notably in the phloem. These results demonstrate that Arabidopsis employs a complex array of compartment-specific SATase isoforms with distinct enzymatic properties and expression patterns to ensure the provision of Cys in response to developmental and environmental changes.
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regulation of sulfate transport and synthesis of Sulfur containing amino acids
Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2000Co-Authors: Kazuki SaitoAbstract:Recent research indicates that several sulfate transporters - exhibiting different tissue specificities and modes of expression - may play distinct roles in sulfate uptake within specific tissues and in long-distance sulfate translocation. The transcription levels of particular genes and feedback inhibition of serine acetyltransferase play major roles in regulating Sulfur Assimilation and cysteine synthesis. O-acetylserine and glutathione presumably act within the cysteine synthesis pathway as derepressor and repressor, respectively. A unique autoregulatory mechanism that stabilizes mRNA levels has recently been proposed for the regulation of methionine synthesis.
Jernej Jakse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genotypic variation in Sulfur Assimilation and metabolism of onion allium cepa l iii characterization of sulfite reductase
Phytochemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Michael T Mcmanus, Meeghan Pitherjoyce, Jernej Jakse, Martin Shaw, Susanna Leung, Srishti Joshi, B P Searle, Nick W Albert, Masayoshi ShigyoAbstract:Abstract Genomic and cDNA sequences corresponding to a ferredoxin-sulfite reductase (SiR) have been cloned from bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) and the expression of the gene and activity of the enzyme characterized with respect to Sulfur (S) supply. Cloning, mapping and expression studies revealed that onion has a single functional SiR gene and also expresses an unprocessed pseudogene (φ-SiR). Northern and qPCR analysis revealed differences in expression pattern between the SiR gene and the pseudogene. Western analysis using antibodies raised to a recombinant SiR revealed that the enzyme is present in chloroplasts and phylogenetic analysis has shown that the onion protein groups with lower eudicots. In hydroponically-grown plants, levels of SiR transcripts were significantly higher in the roots of S-sufficient when compared with S-deficient plants of the pungent cultivar ‘W202A’ but not the less pungent cultivar ‘Texas Grano’. In these same treatments, a higher level of enzyme activity was observed in the S-sufficient treatment in leaves of both cultivars before and after bulbing. In a factorial field trial with and without Sulfur fertilization, a statistically significant increase in SiR activity was observed in the leaves of the pungent cultivar ‘Kojak’ in response to added S but not in the less pungent cultivar ‘Encore’.
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genetic mapping of Sulfur Assimilation genes reveals a qtl for onion bulb pungency
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 2007Co-Authors: John Mccallum, Meeghan Pitherjoyce, Martin L Shaw, Fernand Kenel, Sheree Davis, R C Butler, John Scheffer, Jernej Jakse, Michael J HaveyAbstract:Onion exhibits wide genetic and environmental variation in bioactive organoSulfur compounds that impart pungency and health benefits. A PCR-based molecular marker map that included candidate genes for Sulfur Assimilation was used to identify genomic regions affecting pungency in the cross 'W202A' × 'Texas Grano 438'. Linkage mapping revealed that genes encoding plastidic ferredoxin-sulfite reductase (SiR) and plastidic ATP Sulfurylase (ATPS) are closely linked (1–2 cM) on chromosome 3. Inbred F3 families derived from the F2 population used to construct the genetic map were grown in replicated trials in two environments and bulb pungency was evaluated as pyruvic acid or lachrymatory factor. Broad-sense heritability of pungency was estimated to be 0.78–0.80. QTL analysis revealed significant associations of both pungency and bulb soluble solids content with marker intervals on chromosomes 3 and 5, which have previously been reported to condition pleiotropic effects on bulb carbohydrate composition. Highly significant associations (LOD 3.7–8.7) were observed between ATPS and SiR Loci and bulb pungency but not with bulb solids content. This association was confirmed in two larger, independently derived F2 families from the same cross. Single-locus models suggested that the partially dominant locus associated with these candidate genes controls 30–50% of genetic variation in pungency in these pedigrees. These markers may provide a practical means to select for lower pungency without correlated selection for lowered solids.
Hari B Krishnan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structure and mechanism of soybean atp Sulfurylase and the committed step in plant Sulfur Assimilation
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Jonathan Herrmann, Geoffrey E Ravilious, Samuel E Mckinney, Corey S Westfall, Soon Goo Lee, Patrycja Baraniecka, Marco Giovannetti, Stanislav Kopriva, Hari B KrishnanAbstract:Enzymes of the Sulfur Assimilation pathway are potential targets for improving nutrient content and environmental stress responses in plants. The committed step in this pathway is catalyzed by ATP Sulfurylase, which synthesizes adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS) from sulfate and ATP. To better understand the molecular basis of this energetically unfavorable reaction, the x-ray crystal structure of ATP Sulfurylase isoform 1 from soybean (Glycine max ATP Sulfurylase) in complex with APS was determined. This structure revealed several highly conserved substrate-binding motifs in the active site and a distinct dimerization interface compared with other ATP Sulfurylases but was similar to mammalian 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthetase. Steady-state kinetic analysis of 20 G. max ATP Sulfurylase point mutants suggests a reaction mechanism in which nucleophilic attack by sulfate on the α-phosphate of ATP involves transition state stabilization by Arg-248, Asn-249, His-255, and Arg-349. The structure and kinetic analysis suggest that ATP Sulfurylase overcomes the energetic barrier of APS synthesis by distorting nucleotide structure and identifies critical residues for catalysis. Mutations that alter sulfate Assimilation in Arabidopsis were mapped to the structure, which provides a molecular basis for understanding their effects on the Sulfur Assimilation pathway.
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the role of 5 adenylylsulfate reductase in the Sulfur Assimilation pathway of soybean molecular cloning kinetic characterization and gene expression
Phytochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Pallavi Phartiyal, Joseph M Jez, Wonseok Kim, Rebecca E Cahoon, Hari B KrishnanAbstract:Abstract Soybean seeds are a major source of protein, but contain low levels of Sulfur-containing amino acids. With the objective of studying the Sulfur Assimilation pathway of soybean, a full-length cDNA clone for 5′-adenylylsulfate reductase (APS reductase) was isolated and characterized. The cDNA clone contained an open reading frame of 1414 bp encoding a 52 kDa protein with a N-terminal chloroplast/plastid transit peptide. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA indicated that the APS reductase in soybean is encoded by a small multigene family. Biochemical characterization of the heterologously expressed and purified protein shows that the clone encoded a functional APS reductase. Although expressed in tissues throughout the plant, these analyses established an abundant expression of the gene and activity of the encoded protein in the early developmental stages of soybean seed, which declined with seed maturity. Sulfur and phosphorus deprivation increased this expression level, while nitrogen starvation repressed APS reductase mRNA transcript and protein levels. Cold-treatment increased expression and the total activity of APS reductase in root tissues. This study provides insight into the Sulfur Assimilation pathway of this nutritionally important legume.
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soybean atp Sulfurylase a homodimeric enzyme involved in Sulfur Assimilation is abundantly expressed in roots and induced by cold treatment
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2006Co-Authors: Pallavi Phartiyal, Joseph M Jez, Wonseok Kim, Rebecca E Cahoon, Hari B KrishnanAbstract:Soybeans are a rich source of protein and a key feed ingredient in livestock production, but lack sufficient levels of cysteine and methionine to meet the nutritional demands of swine or poultry as feed components. Although engineering the Sulfur assimilatory pathway could lead to increased Sulfur-containing amino acid content, little is known about this pathway in legumes. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of soybean ATP Sulfurylase (ATPS), which acts as the metabolic entry point into the Sulfur Assimilation pathway. Analysis of the ATPS clone isolated from a soybean seedling cDNA library revealed an open-reading frame, encoding a 52 kDa polypeptide with an N-terminal chloroplast/plastid transit peptide, which was related to the enzymes from Arabidopsis, potato, human, and yeast. Soybean ATP Sulfurylase was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to apparent homogeneity. Based on gel-filtration chromatography, the enzyme functions as a 100 kDa homodimer. Analysis of genomic DNA by Southern blotting revealed that multiple genes encode ATP Sulfurylase in soybean. Analysis of the transcript profiles retrieved from a soybean EST database indicated that ATP Sulfurylase mRNA was most abundant in root tissue. Cold treatment induced mRNA accumulation and enhanced the specific activity of ATP Sulfurylase in root tissue. Northern blot analysis indicated a decline in the ATP Sulfurylase transcript levels during seed development. Likewise, ATP Sulfurylase specific activity also declined in the later stages of seed development. Increasing the expression levels of this key enzyme during soybean seed development could lead to an increase in the availability of Sulfur amino acids, thereby enhancing the nutritional value of the crop.
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Sulfur Assimilation in soybean
Crop Science, 2003Co-Authors: Demosthenis Chronis, Hari B KrishnanAbstract:Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is a good protein source for both humans and livestock. However, soybean seed proteins are deficient in the Sulfur-containing amino adds cysteine and methionine. This deficiency has stimulated efforts to improve the amino acid composition of soybean seed proteins. Our overall goal is to improve the Sulfur amino acid content of soybean seed proteins by genetic manipulation. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase (OAS-TL), a key enzyme that catalyzes the last step in the production of cysteine. A full-length cDNA clone encoding a cytosolic isoform of OAS-TL was isolated by screening a soybean seed cDNA library with a 32 P-labeled expressed sequence tag (EST). Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA revealed a single open-reading frame of 978 base pairs (bp) encoding a 34-kDa protein. The authenticity of the isolated cDNA was confirmed by the functional complementation of an Escherichia coll cysteine auxotrophic mutant. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that OAS-TL mRNA was abundant at early stages of seed development. Western blot analysis using antibodies generated against the recombinant soybean OAS-TL demonstrated that the abundance of this protein gradually declined during later stages of seed development. The OAS-TL activity peaked in young developing seeds and declined steadily during the time period when the bulk of seed storage protein accumulation occurred. Thus, elevating the specific activity of OAS-TL during later stages of seed development could lead to an increase in cysteine synthesis in soybean seeds.
Michael T Mcmanus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genotypic variation in Sulfur Assimilation and metabolism of onion allium cepa l iii characterization of sulfite reductase
Phytochemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Michael T Mcmanus, Meeghan Pitherjoyce, Jernej Jakse, Martin Shaw, Susanna Leung, Srishti Joshi, B P Searle, Nick W Albert, Masayoshi ShigyoAbstract:Abstract Genomic and cDNA sequences corresponding to a ferredoxin-sulfite reductase (SiR) have been cloned from bulb onion (Allium cepa L.) and the expression of the gene and activity of the enzyme characterized with respect to Sulfur (S) supply. Cloning, mapping and expression studies revealed that onion has a single functional SiR gene and also expresses an unprocessed pseudogene (φ-SiR). Northern and qPCR analysis revealed differences in expression pattern between the SiR gene and the pseudogene. Western analysis using antibodies raised to a recombinant SiR revealed that the enzyme is present in chloroplasts and phylogenetic analysis has shown that the onion protein groups with lower eudicots. In hydroponically-grown plants, levels of SiR transcripts were significantly higher in the roots of S-sufficient when compared with S-deficient plants of the pungent cultivar ‘W202A’ but not the less pungent cultivar ‘Texas Grano’. In these same treatments, a higher level of enzyme activity was observed in the S-sufficient treatment in leaves of both cultivars before and after bulbing. In a factorial field trial with and without Sulfur fertilization, a statistically significant increase in SiR activity was observed in the leaves of the pungent cultivar ‘Kojak’ in response to added S but not in the less pungent cultivar ‘Encore’.
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genotypic variation in the Sulfur Assimilation and metabolism of onion allium cepa l i plant composition and transcript accumulation
Phytochemistry, 2011Co-Authors: John Mccallum, Meeghan Pitherjoyce, Ludivine Thomas, Martin Shaw, Susanna Leung, Mathew H Cumming, Michael T McmanusAbstract:Abstract OrganoSulfur compounds are major sinks for assimilated sulfate in onion (Allium cepa L.) and accumulation varies widely due to plant genotype and Sulfur nutrition. In order to better characterise Sulfur metabolism phenotypes and identify potential control points we compared plant composition and transcript accumulation of the primary Sulfur Assimilation pathway in the high pungency genotype ‘W202A’ and the low pungency genotype ‘Texas Grano 438’ grown hydroponically under S deficient (S−) and S-sufficient (S+) conditions. Accumulation of total S and alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide flavour precursors was significantly higher under S+ conditions and in ‘W202A’ in agreement with previous studies. Leaf sulfate and cysteine levels were significantly higher in ‘W202A’ and under S+. Glutathione levels were reduced by S− treatment but were not affected by genotype, suggesting that thiol pool sizes are regulated differently in mild and pungent onions. The only significant treatment effect observed on transcript accumulation in leaves was an elevated accumulation of O-acetyl serine thiol-lyase under S−. By contrast, transcript accumulation of all genes in roots was influenced by one or more treatments. APS reductase transcript level was not affected by genotype but was strongly increased by S−. Significant genotype × S treatment effects were observed in a root high affinity-Sulfur transporter and ferredoxin-sulfite reductase. ATP Sulfurylase transcript levels were significantly higher under S+ and in ‘W202A’.
