The Experts below are selected from a list of 7962 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Adrian Wood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Openness and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries
The World Bank Economic Review, 2012Co-Authors: Adrian WoodAbstract:The experience of East Asia in the 1960s and 1970s supports the theory that greater openness to trade tends to narrow the wage gap between skilled and Unskilled Workers in developing countries. In Latin America since the mid-1980s, however, increased openness has widened wage differentials. This conflict of evidence is probably not the result of differences between East Asia and Latin America. Instead, the conflict is probably the result of differences between the 1960s and the 1980s, specifically, the entry of China into the world market and, perhaps, the advent of new technology biased against Unskilled Workers.
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Openness and Wage Inequality in Developing Countries: The Latin American Challenge to East Asian Conventional Wisdom
The World Bank Economic Review, 1997Co-Authors: Adrian WoodAbstract:The experience of East Asia in the 1960s and 1970s supports the theory that greater openness to trade tends to narrow the wage gap between skilled and Unskilled Workers in developing countries. In Latin America since the mid-1980s, however, increased openness has widened wage differentials. This conflict of evidence is probably not the result of differences between East Asia and Latin America. Instead, the conflict is probably the result of differences between the 1960s and the 1980s, specifically, the entry of China into the world market and, perhaps, the advent of new technology biased against Unskilled Workers.
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how trade hurt Unskilled Workers
Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1995Co-Authors: Adrian WoodAbstract:This paper argues that the main cause of the deteriorating economic position of Unskilled Workers in the United States and other developed countries has been expansion of trade with developing countries. In the framework of a Heckscher-Ohlin model, it outlines the evidence in support of this view, responds to criticisms of this evidence, and challenges the evidence for the alternative view that the problems of Unskilled Workers are caused mainly by new technology. The paper concludes with a look at the future and at the implications for public policy.
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North-South Trade, Employment and Inequality: Changing Fortunes in a Skill-Driven World
1994Co-Authors: Adrian WoodAbstract:Drawing on three fields of economics (international, labour, and development), this study shows that expansion of North-South trade in manufactures has had a far greater impact on labour markets than earlier work suggested. In the South, Unskilled Workers have benefited most from this trade, but in the North, the gains have been concentrated on skilled labour, while Unskilled Workers have suffered falling wages and rising unemployment. This decline in the economic position of Unskilled Workers has increased inequality, and aggravated crime and other forms of social erosion, on both sides of the Atlantic. The failure of Northern governments to recognize that trade with the South has these adverse side-effects, and to take appropriate counter-measures, has fuelled the rise of protectionism - the worst possible response, which slows economic progress in both regions. The best solution for the longer term in the North is more investment in education, to raise the supply of skilled labour. However, the benefits of this investment will emerge slowly. During the next one or two decades, Professor Wood argues, other measures are also urgently needed to boost the demand for, and incomes of, Unskilled Workers.
Sarah E Radloff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Normative indications for Xhosa speaking Unskilled Workers on the Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test
Journal of Psychology in Africa, 2014Co-Authors: Ann B. Shuttleworth-edwards, Heinrich De Kock, Sarah E RadloffAbstract:The aim of this study was to establish normative indications for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (RCF) copy, incidental recall and delayed recall tasks, administered in English on a non-clinical population of Xhosa, Unskilled Workers (N = 33) (females n = 21; males n = 12), with a background of relatively disadvantaged quality of education up to Grades 11 and 12. The sample was stratified into two age groupings (18 – 29 years, n = 17; 30 – 40 years, n = 16), equally distributed for sex and level of education. Within group statistical analyses compared subgroup test performances for sex and age within the total sample. Between group analyses were used to compare the performance of the present sample with age equivalent data derived from a meta-analysis of US normative data on the RCF task. There was an age effect in favour of the younger group for both the immediate and delayed recall tasks. The local data for all RCF tasks were significantly lower than the US normative data, with the indication that hig...
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normative indications for xhosa speaking Unskilled Workers on the rey osterrieth complex figure test
Journal of Psychology in Africa, 2014Co-Authors: Ann B Shuttleworthedwards, Heinrich De Kock, Sarah E RadloffAbstract:The aim of this study was to establish normative indications for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (RCF) copy, incidental recall and delayed recall tasks, administered in English on a non-clinical population of Xhosa, Unskilled Workers (N = 33) (females n = 21; males n = 12), with a background of relatively disadvantaged quality of education up to Grades 11 and 12. The sample was stratified into two age groupings (18 – 29 years, n = 17; 30 – 40 years, n = 16), equally distributed for sex and level of education. Within group statistical analyses compared subgroup test performances for sex and age within the total sample. Between group analyses were used to compare the performance of the present sample with age equivalent data derived from a meta-analysis of US normative data on the RCF task. There was an age effect in favour of the younger group for both the immediate and delayed recall tasks. The local data for all RCF tasks were significantly lower than the US normative data, with the indication that hig...
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normative indications for xhosa speaking Unskilled Workers on the trail making and stroop tests
Journal of Psychology in Africa, 2012Co-Authors: Karen Andrews, Ann B Shuttleworthedwards, Sarah E RadloffAbstract:The aim of this study was to produce preliminary normative indications for the Trail Making Test and the Stroop Test, administered in English, on a non-clinical sample of Black, Xhosa speaking Unskilled Workers (N = 33), with an educational level of Grade 11 or Grade 12 from traditionally Black township schools with a relatively disadvantaged quality of education. The sample was equally distributed for sex and level of education, and was divided into two age categories (18–29 and 30–40 years). Within-sample age and gender effects were revealed for the Stroop test only. The younger group performed better than the older group on the Colour Word task, and women performed significantly better than men on the Word task. Normative indications for both measures were descriptively compared to available normative data on westernized populations with relatively advantaged education. The research outcome endorses the need for local norms for use with educationally disadvantaged Xhosa speaking individuals.
Joan Plans - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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balancing assembly line with skilled and Unskilled Workers
Omega-international Journal of Management Science, 2008Co-Authors: Albert Corominas, Rafael Pastor, Joan PlansAbstract:In this paper, we present the process of rebalancing the line at motorcycle-assembly plant. The company found it necessary to rebalance its line, since it needs to increase production in the spring and summer months. The main characteristics of the problem are as follows: (i) the company hires temporary staff, who need more time to carry out their tasks than permanent Workers; (ii) there must always be at least one skilled employee working alongside an Unskilled one; and (iii) different task groups are incompatible with each other (clean-hands tasks and dirty-hands tasks). The goal is to minimise the number of temporary Workers required, given a cycle time and the team of Workers on staff. The problem is modelled as a binary linear program (BLP) and solved optimally by means of the ILOG CPLEX 9.0 optimiser. The solution provided, namely 12 permanent Workers (skilled) and two temporary Workers (Unskilled), is an improvement on the solution implemented by the business, which involved 12 permanent Workers and four temporary Workers.
Marco Leonardi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Capital Deepening and Wage Differentials: Germany vs. US, with Marco Leonardi
2007Co-Authors: Winfried Koeniger, Marco LeonardiAbstract:Wage inequality, investment and skills In flexible labour markets, capital increases the productivity of skilled Workers more than that of Unskilled Workers, and in the US faster investment is associated with wider wage inequality. But labour market institutions that keep Unskilled Workers' wages high also imply that firms may find it profitable to invest so as to boost those Workers' productivity. Our empirical analysis based on industry-level data confirms that a higher capital intensity in Germany is associated with smaller wage differentials and with a larger share of Unskilled Workers in the labour costs. Changes in capital-labour ratios during the 1980s reduced wage differentials by 5-8% in German industries, while in the US capital deepening in such industries as machinery and retail was accompanied by an increase of wage differentials larger than 7%.
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Capital deepening and wage differentials: Germany versus US
Economic Policy, 2007Co-Authors: Winfried Koeniger, Marco LeonardiAbstract:Capital deepening may affect the evolution of the wage differential between skilled and Unskilled Workers differently in countries with different labor market institutions. If labor market institutions raise the relative wage of Unskilled Workers in Germany, firms have incentives to invest relatively more into capital equipment complementary to Unskilled Workers. Instead in the US, where wage-compressing institutions are weaker, firms invest more in high-skilled Workers. We provide evidence consistent with this view based on an industry panel for West Germany and the US between the 1970s and 1990s. We show that capital equipment per worker is less positively associated with the wage differential in West Germany than in the US. This descriptive evidence is robust to many alternative measures for capital and skills. Our estimates imply that capital deepening in Germany in the 1980s is associated with a reduction in the wage differential of about 10-20% in most industries. In the US instead, capital deepening is associated with an increase of the wage differential between 5 and 15% in most industries.
Sanghoon Shin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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integrated assembly line balancing with skilled and Unskilled Workers
International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems, 2014Co-Authors: Ilkyeong Moon, Sanghoon ShinAbstract:In this paper, we extend the general assembly line balancing problem by designing an integrated assembly line and addressing the number of workstations and simultaneous assignments of skilled and Unskilled Workers. We develop a mixed integer program that minimizes the sum of total annual workstation costs and annual salaries of skilled and Unskilled Workers within a predetermined cycle time. Because this problem is NP-hard, we also develop a genetic algorithm to obtain efficient solutions for large problems. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the random key-encoded genetic algorithm.
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APMS (1) - Integrated Assembly Line Balancing with Skilled and Unskilled Workers
Progress in Pattern Recognition Image Analysis Computer Vision and Applications, 2014Co-Authors: Ilkyeong Moon, Sanghoon ShinAbstract:In this paper, we extend the general assembly line balancing problem by designing an integrated assembly line and addressing the number of workstations and simultaneous assignments of skilled and Unskilled Workers. We develop a mixed integer program that minimizes the sum of total annual workstation costs and annual salaries of skilled and Unskilled Workers within a predetermined cycle time. Because this problem is NP-hard, we also develop a genetic algorithm to obtain efficient solutions for large problems. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency of the random key-encoded genetic algorithm.
