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Suniya S Luthar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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adolescents from Upper Middle Class communities substance misuse and addiction across early adulthood
Development and Psychopathology, 2018Co-Authors: Suniya S Luthar, Phillip J Small, Lucia CiciollaAbstract:In this prospective study of Upper Middle Class youth, we document frequency of alcohol and drug use, as well as diagnoses of abuse and dependence, during early adulthood. Two cohorts were assessed as high school seniors and then annually across 4 college years (New England Study of Suburban Youth younger cohort [NESSY-Y]), and across ages 23–27 (NESSY older cohort [NESSY-O]; ns = 152 and 183 at final assessments, respectively). Across gender and annual assessments, results showed substantial elevations, relative to norms, for frequency of drunkenness and using marijuana, stimulants, and cocaine. Of more concern were psychiatric diagnoses of alcohol/drug dependence: among women and men, respectively, lifetime rates ranged between 19%–24% and 23%–40% among NESSY-Os at age 26; and 11%–16% and 19%–27% among NESSY-Ys at 22. Relative to norms, these rates among NESSY-O women and men were three and two times as high, respectively, and among NESSY-Y, close to one among women but twice as high among men. Findings also showed the protective power of parents’ containment (anticipated stringency of repercussions for substance use) at age 18; this was inversely associated with frequency of drunkenness and marijuana and stimulant use in adulthood. Results emphasize the need to take seriously the elevated rates of substance documented among adolescents in affluent American school communities.
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when mothers and fathers are seen as disproportionately valuing achievements implications for adjustment among Upper Middle Class youth
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2017Co-Authors: Alexandria S Curlee, Lucia Ciciolla, Jason Karageorge, Suniya S LutharAbstract:High achievement expectations and academic pressure from parents have been implicated in rising levels of stress and reduced well-being among adolescents. In this study of affluent, Middle school youth, we examined how perceptions of parents' emphases on achievement (relative to prosocial behavior) influenced youth's psychological adjustment and school performance, and examined perceived parental criticism as a possible moderator of this association. The data were collected from 506 (50 % female) Middle school students from a predominately white, Upper Middle Class community. Students reported their perceptions of parents' values by rank ordering a list of achievement- and prosocial-oriented goals based on what they believed was most valued by their mothers and fathers for them (the child) to achieve. The data also included students' reports of perceived parental criticism, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and self-esteem, as well as school-based data on grade point average and teacher-reported Classroom behavior. Person-based analyses revealed six distinct latent Classes based on perceptions of both mother and father emphases on achievement. Class comparisons showed a consistent pattern of healthier child functioning, including higher school performance, higher self-esteem, and lower psychological symptoms, in association with low to neutral parental achievement emphasis, whereas poorer child functioning was associated with high parental achievement emphasis. In variable-based analyses, interaction effects showed elevated maladjustment when high maternal achievement emphasis coexisted with high (but not low) perceived parental criticism. Results of the study suggest that to foster early adolescents' well-being in affluent school settings, parents focus on prioritizing intrinsic, prosocial values that promote affiliation and community, at least as much as, or more than, they prioritize academic performance and external achievement; and strive to limit the amount of criticism and pressure they place on their children.
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associations of adolescent cannabis use with academic performance and mental health a longitudinal study of Upper Middle Class youth
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2015Co-Authors: Madeline H Meier, Phillip J Small, Melanie L Hill, Suniya S LutharAbstract:BACKGROUND: There is a hypothesis that low socioeconomic status (SES) may explain the link between cannabis use and poorer academic performance and mental health. A key question, therefore, is whether adolescent cannabis use is associated with poorer academic performance and mental health in high SES communities where there is reduced potential for confounding. METHODS: Youth (n=254) from an Upper Middle Class community were followed prospectively through the four years of high school (from age 14/15 to age 17/18). Past-year frequency of cannabis use was assessed annually. Official school records of academic performance and self-reported mental health symptoms (externalizing and internalizing symptoms) were assessed in grades 9 and 12. RESULTS: Persistent cannabis use across the four years of high school was associated with lower grade-point average (β=-0.18, p=.006), lower Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) score (β=-0.13, p=.038), and greater externalizing symptoms (β=0.29, pCONCLUSIONS: Low SES cannot fully explain associations between cannabis use and poorer academic performance and mental health. Language: en
Alvin R Tarlov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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adolescents understanding of social Class a comparison of white Upper Middle Class and working Class youth
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2000Co-Authors: Elizabeth Goodman, Benjamin C Amick, Maureen O Rezendes, Sol Levine, Jerome Kagan, William H Rogers, Alvin R TarlovAbstract:Abstract Purpose: Social Class is increasingly being recognized as an important factor in the development of population-based variation in health among teens. However, little consensus exists regarding its measurement or conceptualization. Methods: This study examined beliefs about social Class of 48 working Class and 50 Upper Middle Class 16-year-old, white teens. Results: Working Class teens were more likely to misClassify themselves with regard to social Class position. Significant Class differences were present in beliefs regarding social mobility, parents' equity, equality of opportunity within society, and financial status as adults. How this conceptualization of social Class translates into population-based variation in health remains an important area for further inquiry.
Myung-hye Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transformation Of Family Ideology In Upper Middle Class Families In Urban South Korea
Ethnology, 1993Co-Authors: Myung-hye KimAbstract:processes and Class processes (Fraad, Resnick, and Wolff 1989), this study analyzes the historical development of the inter-relationships between two major social institutions (that is, the family and the state). It also investigates the ways in which the structure of the Upper-Middle-Class family and women's experience of family life have been transformed as late-industrial capitalism has developed in South Korea. The study is based on ethnographic research of 72 Upper-Middle-Class families conducted in 1990 in Seoul, Korea. I established contacts with these families through personal networks, such as relatives and friends. Without these personal networks, this study would have been impossible due to the reluctance of the families in this social category toward any type of public examination. Throughout this article, the term, Class, is used in the Weberian sense of status more than according to the Marxian conception of Class. Upper-Middle-Class families in this study live in expensive condominium complexes that are recently established in the Kangnam (south of the Han river) area and share a variety of social status indicators, such as income and occupation of the male head of the family, ownership of family property, size of the condominium, monthly household budget, educational level of family members, and life-styles. The majority of the male heads of the families I studied are white-collar workers, such as managers or executives of private companies (46.5 per cent), entrepreneurs (25.6 per cent), professionals (13.7 per cent), high-level government officials (6.8 per cent), and other (7.4 per cent). Every family in my sample has one or more kinds of family property, such as stocks, cash savings, land, second homes and condominiums, and office buildings. Seventy-five per cent of the families live in the condominiums that are valued at more than half a million U.S. dollars. They are spacious and roomy condominiums, relative to the South Korean standard; i.e., larger than 40 pyung (1,212 m2) up to 61 pyong (1,848 m2), and have more than four bedrooms. Monthly household expenses of the families, which are primarily based on the income of male heads, is well above the average household budget of the
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late industrialization and women s work in urban south korea an ethnographic study of Upper Middle Class families
City and society, 1992Co-Authors: Myung-hye KimAbstract:LATE INDUSTRIALIZATION IN SOUTH KOREA has affected gender relationships and Class relationships, both of which can be observed in urban families. This article focuses on the nature of women's work and family structure in Upper- Middle-Class families, which most urban studies of developing countries have ignored. It contrasts existing models of female labor-force participation with the voices of Upper-Middle-Class housewives who engage in various labor activities to enhance the social status of the family. The article argues that the "economic miracle" of South Korea is closely related to the patriarchal family ideology of Upper–Middle–Class families, and that families function as "shock absorbers" in the rapid advance of late-industrial capitalism. Not only men's productive work, but also women's reproductive work, is highly valued, by the state and by the society in general, for its contribution to rapid economic development. Late industrialization is a complex process that provides both liberating and oppressive contexts for gender practices and creates contradictory interpretations of gender roles. [South Korea, late industrialization, gender, Class, urban families]
Lucia Ciciolla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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adolescents from Upper Middle Class communities substance misuse and addiction across early adulthood
Development and Psychopathology, 2018Co-Authors: Suniya S Luthar, Phillip J Small, Lucia CiciollaAbstract:In this prospective study of Upper Middle Class youth, we document frequency of alcohol and drug use, as well as diagnoses of abuse and dependence, during early adulthood. Two cohorts were assessed as high school seniors and then annually across 4 college years (New England Study of Suburban Youth younger cohort [NESSY-Y]), and across ages 23–27 (NESSY older cohort [NESSY-O]; ns = 152 and 183 at final assessments, respectively). Across gender and annual assessments, results showed substantial elevations, relative to norms, for frequency of drunkenness and using marijuana, stimulants, and cocaine. Of more concern were psychiatric diagnoses of alcohol/drug dependence: among women and men, respectively, lifetime rates ranged between 19%–24% and 23%–40% among NESSY-Os at age 26; and 11%–16% and 19%–27% among NESSY-Ys at 22. Relative to norms, these rates among NESSY-O women and men were three and two times as high, respectively, and among NESSY-Y, close to one among women but twice as high among men. Findings also showed the protective power of parents’ containment (anticipated stringency of repercussions for substance use) at age 18; this was inversely associated with frequency of drunkenness and marijuana and stimulant use in adulthood. Results emphasize the need to take seriously the elevated rates of substance documented among adolescents in affluent American school communities.
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when mothers and fathers are seen as disproportionately valuing achievements implications for adjustment among Upper Middle Class youth
Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2017Co-Authors: Alexandria S Curlee, Lucia Ciciolla, Jason Karageorge, Suniya S LutharAbstract:High achievement expectations and academic pressure from parents have been implicated in rising levels of stress and reduced well-being among adolescents. In this study of affluent, Middle school youth, we examined how perceptions of parents' emphases on achievement (relative to prosocial behavior) influenced youth's psychological adjustment and school performance, and examined perceived parental criticism as a possible moderator of this association. The data were collected from 506 (50 % female) Middle school students from a predominately white, Upper Middle Class community. Students reported their perceptions of parents' values by rank ordering a list of achievement- and prosocial-oriented goals based on what they believed was most valued by their mothers and fathers for them (the child) to achieve. The data also included students' reports of perceived parental criticism, internalizing symptoms, externalizing symptoms, and self-esteem, as well as school-based data on grade point average and teacher-reported Classroom behavior. Person-based analyses revealed six distinct latent Classes based on perceptions of both mother and father emphases on achievement. Class comparisons showed a consistent pattern of healthier child functioning, including higher school performance, higher self-esteem, and lower psychological symptoms, in association with low to neutral parental achievement emphasis, whereas poorer child functioning was associated with high parental achievement emphasis. In variable-based analyses, interaction effects showed elevated maladjustment when high maternal achievement emphasis coexisted with high (but not low) perceived parental criticism. Results of the study suggest that to foster early adolescents' well-being in affluent school settings, parents focus on prioritizing intrinsic, prosocial values that promote affiliation and community, at least as much as, or more than, they prioritize academic performance and external achievement; and strive to limit the amount of criticism and pressure they place on their children.
Herman L Boschken - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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global cities systemic power and Upper Middle Class influence
Urban Affairs Review, 2003Co-Authors: Herman L BoschkenAbstract:Perhaps the central feature distinguishing global cities from nonglobal ones is transnational connectedness. But another important consideration in urban globalization is the disproportion-ately hi...
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Upper Middle Class influence on developmental policy outcomes the case of transit infrastructure
Urban Studies, 1998Co-Authors: Herman L BoschkenAbstract:Past research on urban economic development has targeted three major lines of inquiry on determinants of policy outcomes. One focuses on the power of political actors engaged in agency processes. Another looks at institutional structure and the third emphasises physical and social 'preconditions' of urban structure. Although heavily researched, none of these approaches has produced conclusive empirical results. In part, this may be due to the research being nearly void of inquiry into the issue of 'indirect social influence'. This paper probes the thesis that variance in economic development outcomes is determined in part by agencies perceiving anonymous publics where no direct interaction is involved. It examines this with reference to an Upper-Middle-Class lifestyle. Using infrastructure investment of 42 transit agencies across the US, regression results show a UMC factor to be more significant in explaining differences in policy outcomes than those of traditional rival theses. The paper concludes with ...
