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Toru Shimada - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Morphological and electrophysiological differences in tarsal chemosensilla between the wild silkmoth Bombyx mandarina and the domesticated species Bombyx mori
Arthropod structure & development, 2018Co-Authors: Hiroki Takai, Susumu Katsuma, Kiyoshi Asaoka, Fumiko Ishizuna, Takashi Kiuchi, Toru ShimadaAbstract:Abstract Gustatory and olfactory senses of phytophagous insects play important roles in the recognition of host plants. In the domestic silkmoth Bombyx mori and its wild species Bombyx mandarina, the morphologies and responses of adult olfactory organs (antennae) have been intensely investigated. However, little is known about these features of adult gustatory organs and the influence of domestication on the gustatory sense. Here we revealed that both species have two types of sensilla (thick [T] and slim [S] types) on the fifth tarsomeres of the adult legs. In both species, females have 3.6–6.9 times more T-sensilla than males. Therefore, T-sensilla seem to play more important roles in females than in males. Moreover, gustatory cells of T-sensilla of B. mandarina females responded intensely to mulberry leaf extract in electrophysiological experiments, while T-sensilla of B. mori females (N4 strain) hardly responded to mulberry leaf extract. These results suggest that T-sensilla of B. mandarina females are involved in the recognition of oviposition sites. We also observed that, in three B. mori strains (N4, p50T, and Kinshu × Showa), the densities of sensilla on the fifth tarsomeres were much lower than in B. mandarina. These results indicate that domestication has influenced the tarsal gustatory system of B. mori.
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Reinvestigation of the Sex Pheromone of the Wild Silkmoth Bombyx mandarina: The Effects of Bombykal and Bombykyl Acetate
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Takaaki Daimon, Tsuguru Fujii, Susumu Katsuma, Toru Shimada, Takeshi Fujii, Takeshi Yokoyama, Tetsuro Shinoda, Yukio IshikawaAbstract:Sex pheromone investigations of the domesticated silkmoth, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), helped elucidate the molecular and physiological fundamentals of chemical communication in moths, yet little is known about pheromone evolution in bombycid species. Therefore, we reexamined the sex pheromone communication in the wild silkmoth, Bombyx mandarina , which is considered ancestral to B. mori . Our investigations revealed that (a) B. mandarina females produce ( E,Z )-10,12-hexadecadienol (bombykol), but not ( E,Z )-10,12-hexadecadienal (bombykal) or ( E,Z )-10,12-hexadecadienyl acetate (bombykyl acetate), which are pheromone components in other bombycid moths; (b) antennae of male B. mandarina respond strongly to bombykol as well as to bombykal and bombykyl acetate; and (c) bombykal and bombykyl acetate strongly inhibit attraction of B. mandarina males to bombykol in the field. The present study clarifies the evolution of pheromone communication in bombycid moths.
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Comparative analysis of budded virus infectivity of Bombyx mandarina and B. mori nucleopolyhedroviruses.
Virus genes, 2011Co-Authors: Ryuhei Kokusho, Chuan-xi Zhang, Toru Shimada, Susumu KatsumaAbstract:Bombyx mandarina nucleopolyhedrovirus (BomaNPV) is a variant of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). BomaNPV S1 strain has been reported to be significantly less virulent than the BmNPV T3 strain via the oral infection route in B. mori larvae, but other features of S1 including budded virus (BV) infectivity and virus propagation in cultured cells are still unknown. In this study, we compared BV infectivity of S1 and T3 in B. mori larvae and cultured cells. Larval bioassays by intrahemocoelic BV injection revealed that the median lethal dose of S1’s BV was approximately three times lower than that of T3. In addition, S1 produced more BVs and occlusion bodies (OBs) in the hemolymph of B. mori larvae compared with T3. Furthermore, we observed that the locomotion was enhanced earlier and the median lethal time was shorter in S1-infected larvae compared with those in T3-infected larvae. Western blot analysis of S1- and T3-infected BmN cells revealed that expression of late and very late gene products in S1-infected cells was higher than that in T3-infected cells. Collectively, these results clearly show that S1’s BV infectivity is higher than that of T3 in both B. mori larvae and cultured cells, although S1’s OBs are much less infectious to B. mori larvae than T3’s.
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A Bombyx mandarina mutant exhibiting translucent larval skin is controlled by the molybdenum cofactor sulfurase gene.
Genes & Genetic Systems, 2009Co-Authors: Tsuguru Fujii, Takaaki Masamoto, Masataka Ozaki, Susumu Katsuma, Toru ShimadaAbstract:During the maintenance of the wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina, a mutant phenotype exhibiting translucent skin was identified. Based on the crossing experiments with the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, we found that the mutant was controlled by molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (MoCoS) gene. We designated the mutant ‘‘Ozaki’s translucent’’ (ogZ). We found a 2.1-kb deletion containing the transcription initiation site, exons 1 and 2, and the 5' end of exon 3 of the MoCoS gene. The transcript of the MoCoS gene was not detected in the ogZ homozygote. We concluded that ogZ is a complete loss-of-function allele generated by a disruption of the MoCoS gene.
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Nested retrotransposons on the W chromosome of the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina
Insect molecular biology, 2002Co-Authors: Hiroaki Abe, Toru Shimada, Toshiyuki Sugasaki, Tsutomu Terada, Mariko Kanehara, Fumi Ohbayashi, Shinya Kawai, Kazuei Mita, Toshikazu OshikiAbstract:The W chromosome of the silkworms Bombyx mori or B. mandarina is recombinationally isolated from the Z chromosome and the autosomes. We previously characterized a female-specific randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), designated W-Yamato, derived from the W chromosome of the wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina. To further analyse the W chromosome of B. mandarina, we obtained a lambda phage clone that contains the W-Yamato RAPD sequence and sequenced the 16.7 kb DNA insert. We found that this DNA comprises a nested structure of at least seven elements: six retrotransposons and one transposable element-like sequence. The transposable element-like sequence is inserted into a micropia-like retrotransposon (Karate). The Karate and the non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposon BMC1 are inserted into a 412-like retrotransposon (Judo). Furthermore, this Judo, and two non-LTR retrotransposons (Kurosawa and Kendo) are inserted into a Pao-like retrotransposon (Yamato). These results indicate that the retrotransposons inserted into the W chromosome are not efficiently removed but accumulate gradually as strata without recombination.
Shen Weide - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cytochrome P450 oxidase activity determination and induced-transcription of CYP9 family genes in Bombyx mandarina.
2010Co-Authors: Zhao Huaqiang, Li Bing, Song Lili, Shen WeideAbstract:Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the activity of PNOD in the midgut and fat body of Bombyx mandarina under cypermethrin treatment.The results showed that after 24 h induction by cypermethrin,the PNOD activity of fat body and midgut increased by 18.7% and 12.2%,respectively.According to the sequence of CYP9A20(GenBank No.FJ378716),CYP9A21(GenBank No.FJ265741),CYP9A22(GenBank No.EF535806) and CYP9G3 gene segments of Bombyx mandarina,the specific primers were designed.The expression levels of CYP9 family genes of Bombyx mandarina induced by cypermethrin were determined by semi-quantitive RT-PCR.The results indicated that after 24 h induction,the relative mRNA level of CYP9A21 in midgut was 2.1 times of the control,and the relative mRNA levels of CYP9A20,CYP9A21,CYP9G3 in fat body were 1.9,3.5 and 1.4 times of the control,respectively.The over expression of these cypermethrin P450 genes might enhance the oxidation and detoxification capacity of Bombyx mandarina to cypermethrin.
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Quantitative analysis of induced expression of GST genes in the wild mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mandarina
2010Co-Authors: Zhao Guodong, Li Bing, Wang Ruixian, Wei Zhengguo, Zhang Yiling, Gao Ruina, Zhang Ting, Shen WeideAbstract:Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play an important role in detoxification and antioxidation. In order to study the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the wild mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mandarina, we detected the transcription levels of GST genes in different tissues of the fifth instar larvae and those treated with dichlorovos and deltamethrin using real-time quantitative RT-PCR method, and took Actin3 gene as reference to dispose the results. The results showed that the expression levels of GST genes induced by dichlorovos and deltamethrin were different in various tissues, the highest expression level was found in fat body, and the second was in the midgut, and this might be due to that both tissues are major organs involved in detoxication of the pesticides. Furthermore, the GSTe2 and GSTe5 genes were highly expressed, so it is inferred that these genes may be mainly responsible for detoxification of xenobiotics.
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Screening of Deltamethrin Resistant Strain of Bombyx mandarina
Agricultural Science and Technology Hunan, 2009Co-Authors: Zhao Huaqiang, Li Bing, Liu Haitao, Wang Dong, Xu Yaxiang, Shen WeideAbstract:[Objective] The aim of the study was to explore the resistance development of deltamethrin through selection of deltamethrin resistant strain of wild silkworm(Bombyx mandarina),thus providing the basis for scientific pesticide application and resistance management.[Method] The wild silkworms collected from three different regions were reared indoors,and the sensitivity of their parents to deltamethrin was detected by topical application.The larvae in each generation were treated with deltamethrin in median lethal dose or so by topical application.The mortality of larva was analyzed for the establishment of toxicity regression equations and the calculation of the multiple or increased multiple of deltamethrin resistance.[Result] After the Qidong Bombyx mandarina(YQD) fed with mulberry leaves were selected for three generations indoors,the multiple of deltamethrin resistance of F4 was 14.26,1.2 times as great as that of F0;after the Bombyx mandarina from mulberry garden of Soochow University(YSD) fed with mulberry leaves were selected for three generations indoors,the multiple of deltamethrin resistance of F4 was 16.48,1.9 times as great as that of F0;after the Wujiang Bombyx mandarina(YWJ) fed with artificial diets were selected for three generations indoors during six generations,the multiple of deltamethrin resistance of F6 was 18.67,1.2 times as great as that of F0.[Conclusion] With the selection in same dose,the resistance multiple of YSD increases more rapidly than that of YQD;under double selection of artificial diets and insecticide,the resistance multiple of YWJ increases more slowly than that of YQD.
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cDNA Cloning and Genomic Structure of PM/mPM Gene from B.mori
2009Co-Authors: Shen WeideAbstract:[Objective] The experiment aimed to clone Paramyosin/mini-Paramyosin (PM/mPM) gene to analyze the relations between it and moving behaviors. [Method] PCR method and RACE technology were used to obtain whole cDNA of PM and some cDNA of mPM of Bombyx mori. By comparing wgs of Bombyx mori,the genomic sequence of PM/mPM of Bombyx mori was obtained,and,their genome structure was determined. [Result] PM/mPM genes consisted of 17 exons and 16 introns. By the use of selective promoters,The gene sequence encoded PM and mPM,while PM and mPM shared the last 6 exons. The cluster analysis between PM of Bombyx mori and PM of other invertebrate animals demonstrated that the relation between Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina was closest and the relation between Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster was farthest in Insecta. [Conclusion] There was no point mutation which could influence flight in amino acid sequence of PM of Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina,so the difference of flight capacity of Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina might be regulated by other mechanism.
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Adaptability Comparison of the Bombyx mandarina Moore and Bombyx mori L.to the Environment
2003Co-Authors: Shen WeideAbstract:Through the comparison of feeding habit for artificial diet of different ingredients between Bombyx mandarina Moore and Bombyx mori L. the results showed that the larvae of Bombyx mandarina Moore didn't take the artificial diet without mulberry leaf powder and show statae dispersion within 48 hours,the feeding habit of Bombyx mandarina Moore was unitary; that Bombyx mandarina Moore had better adaptability than Bombyx mori L. through research on the accamulated temperature to compare their adaptability for different climatic factors and the accamulated temperature for the Bombyx mandarina Moore to complete various stage is more stable.Through ultraviolet irradiation and pesticide feeding test,that is,affer administration of same concentration of pesticide to the larvae,all the Bombyx mori died while some of Bombyx mandarina Moore survived and completed pupation normally,and the ultraviolet irradiation advanced maturation of the Bombyx mori Moore,the results of which showed that Bomhyx mandarina Moore's endurance to bad factors was better than Bombyx mori.
Weide Shen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative analysis of the genomes of Bombyx mandarina and Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedroviruses
Journal of microbiology (Seoul Korea), 2010Co-Authors: Xu Yipeng, Weide Shen, Chang-ying Niu, Yan-yuan Bao, Wen-bing Wang, Chuan-xi ZhangAbstract:The Bombyx mandarina nucleopolyhedrovirus (BomaNPV) S1 strain can infect the silkworm, Bombyx mori, but is significantly less virulent than B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) T3 strain. The complete nucleotide sequence of the S1 strain of BomaNPV was determined and compared with the BmNPV T3 strain. The circular, double stranded DNA genome of the S1 strain was 126,770 nucleotides long (GenBank accession no. FJ882854), with a G+C content of 40.23%. The genome contained 133 potential ORFs. Most of the putative proteins were more than 96% identical to homologs in the BmNPV T3 strain, except for bro-a, lef-12, bro-c, and bro-d. Compared with the BmNPV T3 strain, however, this genome did not encode the bro-b and bro-e genes. In addition, hr1 lacked two repeat units, while hr2L, hr2R, hr3, hr4L, hr4R, and hr5 were similar to the corresponding hrs in the T3 strain. The sequence strongly suggested that BomaNPV and BmNPV are variants with each other, and supported the idea that baculovirus strain heterogeneity may often be caused by variation in the hrs and bro genes.
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Comparative analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes of Bombyx mandarina and Bombyx mori.
African Journal of Biotechnology, 2010Co-Authors: Dong Wang, Huaqiang Zhao, Weide ShenAbstract:Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which contains two subfamilies, ace 1 and ace 2 in insects, was identified to be the target of organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides. Resistance to insecticides is apparently different between Bombyx mori and Bombyx mandarina . To compare the sequences and tissue expressions of the two aces between the two species, cDNAs encoding two ace genes were cloned and designated as Bmm-ace 1 and Bmm-ace 2 from the larvae of the B. mandarina . The amino acid sequence of Bmm-ace 1 shared 99.71% homology with its homolog, Bm-ace 1, in B. mori , with two mutations (G664S and S307P) and the amino acid sequence of Bmm-ace 2 shared 99.37% homology with Bm-ace 2, in Bombyx mori , with four mutations (M18I, N233S, I310V and G621S). Analysis of tissue expression showed that ace 1 genes of the two species were highly expressed only in brain tissues and fat bodies, while ace 2 genes were expressed in all tissues tested; the expression level of Bmm-ace and Bm-ace 1 in brain tissue was almost the same, while the expression level of Bmm-ace 2 was 4.17 fold as high as that of Bmm-ace 2 in brain tissue. The results indicated that ace gene mutations and the difference in the expression level of ace 2 were speculated to be the molecular basis for the difference in sensitivity to organophosphate insecticides between B. mori and B. mandarina . This was the first experimental report in which the ace 2 gene was closely related to insecticide resistance in silkworm. Key words : Bombyx mori , Bombyx mandarina , acetylcholinesterase gene, expression, insect, resistance.
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A Study on Artificial Hatching of Chinese Bombyx mandarina Moore
Agricultural Sciences in China, 2008Co-Authors: Huaqiang Zhao, Dong Wang, Zheng Guo Wei, Yuhua Chen, Weide ShenAbstract:Diapause eggs of Bombyx mandarina Moore from Wujiang, Jiangsu Province, China, were used to study the artificial hatching of B. mandarina Moore. The results showed that the highest hatchability was obtained by instant treatment with hydrochloric acid (HCl, specific gravity 1.065–1.075) for 5 min under 46°C. After the B. mandarina eggs were cold stored at 5°C for 40 days, the highest hatchability was obtained by treatment with HCl (specific gravity 1.092) for 6 minutes under 47.8°C. For the B. mandarina eggs that were stored at 25°C for 28 d and men cold-stored at 5°C for 0–100 days, the highest hatchability was obtained by treatment with HCl (specific gravity 1.092) for 6 min at 47.8°C. The longer the cold storage period, the higher was the hatchability. Acid treatment on diapause eggs of B. mandarina for 6 mins at 47.8°C with hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.092) before hatching in spring could obviously shorten the hatching stage and increase the hatchability.
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Relationships between an Application of KK-42 and Pupal Developmemt in the Silkworm, Bombyx mandarina
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences, 1993Co-Authors: Weide Shen, Kunikatsu Hamano, Hajime FugoAbstract:Populations of Chinese origin of the silkworm, Bombyx mandarina, do not show arrested pupal stage, however populations of Japanese origin undergo pupal summer diapause. Hormonal control of this pupal summer diapause in Bombyx mandarina of Japanese origin was investigated using KK-42 treated pupae of Chinese origin. When an imidazole compound (KK-42:1-benzyl-5-[(E) 2, 6-dimethyl-1, 5-heptadienyl] imidazole) was injected into the newly ecdysed pupae of Chinese populations, the pupal-adult development was arrested for as long as 40 days. Resumption of pupal-adult development of the KK-42 treated pupae was induced by injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE). Oxygen consumption of the KK-42 treated animals was very low comparing to the control but it increased gradually about 35 to 37 days after treatment. Abrupt increase of oxygen consumption was observed about 12hr after the application of 20-HE in the KK-42 treated animals. These results strongly indicate that the pupal summer diapause in Japanese populations of Bombyx mandarina is due to the low level of ecdysteroids in their body thus preventing them from proceeding to the pupal-adult development.
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The Relationships between Oxygen Consumption and Duration of Pupal-Adult Development in the Silkworm Bombyx mandarina
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences, 1993Co-Authors: Weide Shen, Kunikatsu HamanoAbstract:Duration of pupal stage of Bombyx mandarina is 2 to 4 times longer than that of Bombyx mori. We attempted to investigate whether this represents a state of diapause or not. Based on the pupal duration and oxygen consumption, developmental pattern of pupae in B. mandarina was mainly classified to three types, A, B and C, though these were dependent on the rearing seasons. In the spring season, typical type-A pupae had the shortest duration the same as in B. mori. Type-B pupae were intermediate of type-A and C. Pupae that had the longest duration were classified as type-C. Oxygen consumption decreased quickly soon after pupation and each type showed a typical U-shape respiration curve during pupal stage. Oxygen consumption in type-C animals was lowest of all 3 types. It reached extremely low levels of 5μl/hr/g, which went on for more than 2 weeks. When the type-A pupae were maintained in low temperature, pupal duration was elongated in proportion to the temperature decrease. However, in this experiment the respiratory activity curve in the lowest temperature of 20°C was clearly different from that of type-C pupae. In another experiment, type-A and B pupae showed increased respiration, proportionally to the temperature increase, while there was no increase in respiration of the C-type animals when subjected to the different temperatures. Finally, we can conclude that the low level of oxygen consumption in the C-type animals is characteristic to diapausing insects and this is in good accordance with the insensitivity of these animals to different temperatures. It was consequently determined that in B. mandarina there is a kind of facultative diapause in pupal stage.
Kunikatsu Hamano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Relationships between an Application of KK-42 and Pupal Developmemt in the Silkworm, Bombyx mandarina
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences, 1993Co-Authors: Weide Shen, Kunikatsu Hamano, Hajime FugoAbstract:Populations of Chinese origin of the silkworm, Bombyx mandarina, do not show arrested pupal stage, however populations of Japanese origin undergo pupal summer diapause. Hormonal control of this pupal summer diapause in Bombyx mandarina of Japanese origin was investigated using KK-42 treated pupae of Chinese origin. When an imidazole compound (KK-42:1-benzyl-5-[(E) 2, 6-dimethyl-1, 5-heptadienyl] imidazole) was injected into the newly ecdysed pupae of Chinese populations, the pupal-adult development was arrested for as long as 40 days. Resumption of pupal-adult development of the KK-42 treated pupae was induced by injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE). Oxygen consumption of the KK-42 treated animals was very low comparing to the control but it increased gradually about 35 to 37 days after treatment. Abrupt increase of oxygen consumption was observed about 12hr after the application of 20-HE in the KK-42 treated animals. These results strongly indicate that the pupal summer diapause in Japanese populations of Bombyx mandarina is due to the low level of ecdysteroids in their body thus preventing them from proceeding to the pupal-adult development.
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The Relationships between Oxygen Consumption and Duration of Pupal-Adult Development in the Silkworm Bombyx mandarina
Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Ser. B: Physical and Biological Sciences, 1993Co-Authors: Weide Shen, Kunikatsu HamanoAbstract:Duration of pupal stage of Bombyx mandarina is 2 to 4 times longer than that of Bombyx mori. We attempted to investigate whether this represents a state of diapause or not. Based on the pupal duration and oxygen consumption, developmental pattern of pupae in B. mandarina was mainly classified to three types, A, B and C, though these were dependent on the rearing seasons. In the spring season, typical type-A pupae had the shortest duration the same as in B. mori. Type-B pupae were intermediate of type-A and C. Pupae that had the longest duration were classified as type-C. Oxygen consumption decreased quickly soon after pupation and each type showed a typical U-shape respiration curve during pupal stage. Oxygen consumption in type-C animals was lowest of all 3 types. It reached extremely low levels of 5μl/hr/g, which went on for more than 2 weeks. When the type-A pupae were maintained in low temperature, pupal duration was elongated in proportion to the temperature decrease. However, in this experiment the respiratory activity curve in the lowest temperature of 20°C was clearly different from that of type-C pupae. In another experiment, type-A and B pupae showed increased respiration, proportionally to the temperature increase, while there was no increase in respiration of the C-type animals when subjected to the different temperatures. Finally, we can conclude that the low level of oxygen consumption in the C-type animals is characteristic to diapausing insects and this is in good accordance with the insensitivity of these animals to different temperatures. It was consequently determined that in B. mandarina there is a kind of facultative diapause in pupal stage.
Renwen Long - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transcriptome sequencing and positive selected genes analysis of Bombyx mandarina.
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Tingcai Cheng, Bohua Fu, Yuqian Wu, Renwen LongAbstract:The wild silkworm Bombyx mandarina is widely believed to be an ancestor of the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori. Silkworms are often used as a model for studying the mechanism of species domestication. Here, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the wild silkworm using an Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. We produced 100,004,078 high-quality reads and assembled them into 50,773 contigs with an N50 length of 1764 bp and a mean length of 941.62 bp. A total of 33,759 unigenes were identified, with 12,805 annotated in the Nr database, 8273 in the Pfam database, and 9093 in the Swiss-Prot database. Expression profile analysis found significant differential expression of 1308 unigenes between the middle silk gland (MSG) and posterior silk gland (PSG). Three sericin genes (sericin 1, sericin 2, and sericin 3) were expressed specifically in the MSG and three fibroin genes (fibroin-H, fibroin-L, and fibroin/P25) were expressed specifically in the PSG. In addition, 32,297 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 361 insertion-deletions (INDELs) were detected. Comparison with the domesticated silkworm p50/Dazao identified 5,295 orthologous genes, among which 400 might have experienced or to be experiencing positive selection by Ka/Ks analysis. These data and analyses presented here provide insights into silkworm domestication and an invaluable resource for wild silkworm genomics research.
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Summary of transcripts for Bombyx mandarina.
2015Co-Authors: Tingcai Cheng, Renwen Long, Chun Liu, Qingyou XiaAbstract:Summary of transcripts for Bombyx mandarina.
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Summary of SNPs and Indels for Bombyx mandarina.
2015Co-Authors: Tingcai Cheng, Renwen Long, Chun Liu, Qingyou XiaAbstract:*Total number/ synonymous site number / nonsynonymous numberSummary of SNPs and Indels for Bombyx mandarina.