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Donghui Wu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • broadening the definition of the genus thalassaphorura bagnall 1949 collembola onychiuridae with a new aberrant species from china
    ZooKeys, 2013
    Co-Authors: Louis Deharveng, Donghui Wu
    Abstract:

    A new species belonging to the tribe Thalassaphorurini, Thalassaphorura problematica sp. n., is described from Northeast China. The new species is closest to the large genus Thalassaphorura by its simple vesicles in PAO and its furcal rudiment, but it does not fit the definition of the genus by the absence of Chaeta d0 on head, the number of Chaetae in the distal whorl of tibiotarsi and the labium type. We discuss the relative weakness of these last characters at generic level, which lead us to assign the new species to Thalassaphorura instead of erecting a new genus. The diagnosis of Thalassaphorura is broadened accordingly.

  • review of chinese oligaphorurini collembola onychiuridae with descriptions of two new palaearctic species
    ZooKeys, 2012
    Co-Authors: Donghui Wu
    Abstract:

    A checklist of Chinese Oligaphorurini is given. Two new Chinese species, Micraphorura changbaiensis sp. n. and Oligaphorura pseudomontana sp. n., are described from Changbai Mountain Range. Micraphorura changbaiensis sp. n. has the same dorsal pseudocelli formula and number of papillae in Ant. III sensory organ as Micraphorura uralica, but they can be easily distinguished by number of Chaetae in Ant. III sensory organ, ventral pseudocelli formula, ventral parapseudocelli formula, number of pseudocelli on subcoxa 1 of legs I–III, dorsal axial Chaeta on Abd. V and number of Chaetae on tibiotarsi. Oligaphorura pseudomontana sp. n. is very similar to the species Oligaphorura montana having an increased number of pseudocelli on body dorsally, well marked base of antenna with 1 pseudocellus and 3 pseudocelli outside, subcoxa 1 of legs I–III with 1 pseudocellus each, dorsally S-Chaetae formula as 11/011/22211 from head to Abd. V, S-microChaeta present on Th. II–III, claw without inner teeth and with 1+1 lateral teeth, and unguiculus with basal lamella; but they can be separated easily by the number of pseudocelli on Abd. V and VI terga, parapseudocelli on the body, number of Chaetae on Th. I tergum, and number of Chaetae on tibiotarsi. A key to Chinese species of Oligaphorurini is provided in the present paper.

  • two new species of tribe thalassaphorurini pomorski 1998 collembola onychiuridae from northeast china
    Zootaxa, 2012
    Co-Authors: Donghui Wu
    Abstract:

    Two new species, Sensillonychiurus changchunensis sp. nov. and Thalassaphorura macrospinata sp. nov., from the tribeThalassaphorurini are described from Northeast China. S. changchunensis sp. nov. belongs to the group of species withoutAS and differs from all of them by having 5 papillae in AIIIO and more Chaetae on Th.I. The number of dorsal S-Chaetae,number of guard Chaetae in AIIIO, position of ms on Ant. IV and relative length of unguiculus are also useful for identi-fication of these species. T. macrospinata sp. nov. belongs to the group with pseudocellar formulae as 32/233/33343 dor-sally and 11/000/01120 ventrally, but it can be easily recognized by the combined characters as almost cylindrical shapeof body, only one sublobal hairs on maxillary palp, inner basal lamella on unguiculus absent, one axial Chaeta m0 on Abd. VI tergum and presence of male organ on ventral tube.

  • two new species of the tribe hymenaphorurini pomorski 1996 collembola onychiuridae from northeast china
    Entomological News, 2011
    Co-Authors: Donghui Wu
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT: Two new species, Hymenaphorura wusuliensis sp. nov. and Psyllaphorura raoheensis sp. nov., of the tribe Hymenaphorurini are described from Northeast China. Hymenaphorura wusuliensis sp. nov. is placed in an isolated position within the genus as having 9 Chaetae in the distal whorl of the tibiotarsi and m0 axial Chaeta on Abd. V. The new species can be easily distinguished by pso dorsal formula, position of Chaeta p2 on Th. II–III, labium type and relative length of Chaetae p2 and p3 on Abd. I–III terga. Psyllaphorura raoheensis sp. nov. is similar to a Russian species Psyllaphorura sensillifera (Martynova, 1981), but they can be separated by the dorsal S-Chaetae formula, dorsal pso formulae, teeth on tenaculum, number of vesicles in PAO and ratio of AS/unguis.

Ten, Harry A. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Louis Deharveng - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Two New Species of Friesea Dalla Torre, 1895 (Collembola: Neanuridae) from the Western Cape Province, South Africa; with a Key to Sub-Saharan Friesea
    Annales Zoologici, 2017
    Co-Authors: Wanda Maria Weiner, Charlene Janion-scheepers, Louis Deharveng
    Abstract:

    Abstract.— Two new species of Friesea from the Western Cape province in South Africa, F. stevenchowni sp. nov. and F. capensis sp. nov., are described. Friesea capensis sp. nov. is easily distinguished by the lack of ocelli and anal spines, while F. stevenchowni sp. nov. is distinguished from other sub-Saharan species of the genus by a combination of characters including two anal spines in the position of m1, tibiotarsi with Chaeta M present, 3+3 Chaetae on the thoracic tergum I and 5+5 eyes. An identification key is provided for Friesea species that are found in sub-Saharan Africa.

  • New species of Pseudachorutes (Collembola: Neanuridae) from Northeastern Algeria.
    Zootaxa, 2016
    Co-Authors: Abdelmalek Zoughailech, Salah Hamra-kroua, Louis Deharveng
    Abstract:

    Three new species of Pseudachorutes are described from the Collo massif in northeastern Algeria, all three with morphological features unique or rare in the genus. P. deficiens sp. nov. lacks Chaeta E on the labium, a character only retrieved in P. ouatilouensis Najt & Weiner, 1997 from New Caledonia, from which it differs by the presence of Chaeta a2 on Th. II and of Chaeta M on tibiotarsus. P. octosensillatus sp. nov. is the only species of the genus that have 8 S-Chaetae on Ant IV. P. labiatus sp. nov. has 3 x-papillae on the labium, like P. cf. indiana Christiansen & Bellinger, 1980 from Alaska, from which it differs by the presence of Chaeta a2 on Th. II and a lower number of vesicles in PAO (5–6 vs 10–14).

  • Diversity of Paranura Axelson, 1902 (Collembola: Neanuridae: Neanurinae) in Pacific Region of Russia and United States.
    Zootaxa, 2015
    Co-Authors: Adrian Smolis, Louis Deharveng
    Abstract:

    Eight new species of the genus Paranura are described from temperate zone of Holarctic. Five of them: Paranura reticulata sp. nov., Paranura oregonensis sp. nov., Paranura reducta sp. nov., Paranura cassagnaui sp. nov. and Paranura microchaetosa sp. nov. were found in coniferous forests of Oregon state, USA. Three others: Paranura kedrovayensis sp. nov., Paranura setosa sp. nov. and Paranura conjuncta sp. nov. were collected in mixed woods of Russian Far East. All new species are illustrated in detail and compared with existing taxa. P. reticulata sp. nov. is characterised by having three ocular Chaetae, relatively short Chaeta F on head, four ordinary Chaetae De on th. III and three Chaetae Di in abd. V (in s-uenoi two Chaetae). The presence of only one ordinary Chaeta De on abdomen IV is the most characteristic and recognizable character of P. oregonensis sp. nov. P. reducta sp. nov. is most diagnostically recognized by labral chaetotaxy, with only 4 Chaetae. The species is true saproxylic form living inside decayed logs of coniferous trees only. P. cassagnaui sp. nov. is easy to distinguish by the presence of complete chaetotaxy of central area of head, presence of microChaetae on furcal remnant and the fusion of tubercles Di on abd. V. P. microchaetosa sp. nov. and P. kedrovayensis sp. nov. are superficially very similar to each other in dorsal chaetotaxy, and differ in number of ordinary Chaetae De on abd. IV, trochanter and labium, and in the presence/absence of microChaetae on furcal remnant. P. setosa sp. nov. can be easily identified by one or two additional Chaetae on central area of head, a character unknown in other species of the genus. P. conjuncta sp. nov. is characterised by the fusion of tubercles Di on abdomen V, the presence of microChaetae on furcal remnant and developed tubercle on central area of head. In addition, P. mjohjangensis Deharveng & Weiner, 1984 is newly recorded from Russia. An updated key to all world species of Paranura is also provided.

  • new species of monodontocerus collembola tomoceridae from southern china with diagnostic notes on the genus and introduction of new taxonomic characters
    Zootaxa, 2014
    Co-Authors: Louis Deharveng, Feng Zhang
    Abstract:

    Three new species of Monodontocerus are described from caves in southern China: M. absens sp. nov. is characterized by its cephalic chaetotaxy and the absence of Chaetae from the tenaculum; M. mulunensis sp. nov. is characterized by a combination of characters including chaetotaxy, foot complex and furca; M. trigrandis sp. nov. is different from other species in the formula of dental spines and the reduction of the ungual teeth. A key to the species of Monodontocerus is provided. Potential diagnostic characters for this genus are proposed. Troglomorphy and interspecific variability are discussed. Pseudopores and the dorsal disto-lateral Chaeta on the manubrium are introduced as new taxonomic characters for Tomocerinae.

  • broadening the definition of the genus thalassaphorura bagnall 1949 collembola onychiuridae with a new aberrant species from china
    ZooKeys, 2013
    Co-Authors: Louis Deharveng, Donghui Wu
    Abstract:

    A new species belonging to the tribe Thalassaphorurini, Thalassaphorura problematica sp. n., is described from Northeast China. The new species is closest to the large genus Thalassaphorura by its simple vesicles in PAO and its furcal rudiment, but it does not fit the definition of the genus by the absence of Chaeta d0 on head, the number of Chaetae in the distal whorl of tibiotarsi and the labium type. We discuss the relative weakness of these last characters at generic level, which lead us to assign the new species to Thalassaphorura instead of erecting a new genus. The diagnosis of Thalassaphorura is broadened accordingly.

Thomas Bartolomaeus - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Formation and structure of paleae and Chaetal arrangement in chrysopetalidae (Annelida)
    Zoomorphology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Schabnam Sermelwall, Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Abstract:

    Chrysopetalids, more specifically the subfamily Chrysopetalinae, are known for their characteristic, flattened, leaf-like notopodial Chaetae. In many chrysopetalid species the animal’s body is dorsally covered by these paleae that are arranged in rows similar to the blades of a folding fan. In this study we investigate and compare the Chaetal arrangement in two chrysopetalids: Bhawania goodei Webster, 1884 and Chrysopetalum cf. occidentale Johnson, 1897, using serial sectioning and 3D models. Our results reveal details on the topology of the Chaetal formative site, where chaetogenesis occurs continuously. The course of chaetogenesis is significantly affected by the very large size of the Chaetae, but nevertheless follows the general pattern of chaetogenesis in Annelida. Ultrastructure of the paleae confirms previous observations. The results of the study are the first on chaetogenesis and Chaetal topology in a representative of the Phyllodocida. They indicate differences in the number of formative sites in neuro- and notopodia that now need to be studied in a larger number phyllodocid taxa. A special focus has been laid on details of paleal formation to study potential phylogenetic affinities between Wiwaxia and Chrysopetalidae that were proposed due to the significant similarity of the paleae to the sclerites of Wiwaxia .

  • Getting to the root of fireworms' stinging Chaetae-Chaetal arrangement and ultrastructure of Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766) (Amphinomida).
    Journal of Morphology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Benedikt Pauli, Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Abstract:

    : Amphinomid species are since long known to cause urtication upon contact with the human skin. Since it has been reported that amphinomid Chaetae are hollow, it has repeatedly been suggested that poison is injected upon epidermal contact. To test predictions for the structural correlate of such a stinging device we studied the structure and formation of Chaetae in the fireworm Eurythoe complanata (Amphinomida). Neither the structure of the Chaetae nor their formation and their position within the parapodium provide evidence for their function as hollow needles to inject poison. The Chaetae even turned out to be not hollow, but containing calcareous depositions. The latter most likely cause artificial ruptures of delicate chitin lamellae in the inner of the Chaeta when treated with acidic fixatives. Inorganic calcium compounds harden the Chaetae and make them brittle so that they break easily. Additional information on the structure of the Chaetal sac, the site of formation and the acicula do not contradict the position of the Amphinomida within Annelida as revealed by phylogenomic studies.

  • Chaetal type diversity increases during evolution of Eunicida (Annelida)
    Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Thomas Bartolomaeus, Greg W. Rouse
    Abstract:

    Annelid Chaetae are a superior diagnostic character on species and supraspecific levels, because of their structural variety and taxon specificity. A certain Chaetal type, once evolved, must be passed on to descendants, to become characteristic for supraspecific taxa. Therefore, one would expect that Chaetal diversity increases within a monophyletic group and that additional Chaetae types largely result from transformation of plesiomorphic Chaetae. In order to test these hypotheses and to explain potential losses of diversity, we take up a systematic approach in this paper and investigate Chaetation in Eunicida. As a backbone for our analysis, we used a three-gene (COI, 16S, 18S) molecular phylogeny of the studied eunicidan species. This phylogeny largely corresponds to previous assessments of the phylogeny of Eunicida. Presence or absence of Chaetal types was coded for each species included into the molecular analysis and transformations for these characters were then estimated using the mK1 likelihood model. Our results show that Chaetal type diversity does indeed increase within eunicids and provide possible explanations for the homology, convergence, and loss of Chaetal types in eunicidan subtaxa.

  • Structure, function and cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of abdominal uncini in Sabellaria alveolata (Sabellariidae, Annelida)
    Zoological Letters, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Abstract:

    Background Dynamic apical microvilli of a single cell, called the chaetoblast, inside an ectodermal invagination form the template of annelid Chaetae. Changes in the pattern of microvilli are frozen in time by release of chitin, such that the structure of the definitive Chaeta reflects its formation. Cellular interactions during chaetogenesis also influence the structure of the Chaeta. Analysing chaetogenesis allows for testing hypotheses on the homology of certain Chaetal types. We used this approach to test whether the unusual uncini in Sabellaria alveolata are homologous to apparently similar uncini in other annelid taxa. Results Our study reveals unexpected details of sabellariid uncini, which mechanically reinforce the neuropodia enabling their use as paddles. The final structure of the Chaeta is caused by pulses of microvilli formation and dynamic interaction between the chaetoblast and adjoining follicle cells. Cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of the uncini in Sabellaria alveolata exceeds by far that reported in previous studies on the formation of this type of Chaetae. Conclusion Despite the superficial similarity of uncini in sabellariids and other annelids, differences in structure and details of formation do not support the homology of this type of Chaetae. Chaetogenesis of sabellariid uncini involves unexpected microvilli and cell dynamics, and provides evidence that interactions between cells play a larger role in chaetogenesis than previously expected. In addition to their function as anchors, uncini in Sabellaridae stabilize the paddle-shaped notopodia, as each uncinus possesses a long, thin rod that extends deeply into the notopodium. The rods of all uncini in a single row form a bundle inside the notopodium that additionally serves as a muscle attachment site and thus have a similar function to the inner Chaeta (acicula) of errant polychaetes (Aciculata).

  • Structure, function and cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of abdominal uncini in Sabellaria alveolata (Sabellariidae, Annelida)
    Zoological letters, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Abstract:

    Dynamic apical microvilli of a single cell, called the chaetoblast, inside an ectodermal invagination form the template of annelid Chaetae. Changes in the pattern of microvilli are frozen in time by release of chitin, such that the structure of the definitive Chaeta reflects its formation. Cellular interactions during chaetogenesis also influence the structure of the Chaeta. Analysing chaetogenesis allows for testing hypotheses on the homology of certain Chaetal types. We used this approach to test whether the unusual uncini in Sabellaria alveolata are homologous to apparently similar uncini in other annelid taxa. Our study reveals unexpected details of sabellariid uncini, which mechanically reinforce the neuropodia enabling their use as paddles. The final structure of the Chaeta is caused by pulses of microvilli formation and dynamic interaction between the chaetoblast and adjoining follicle cells. Cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of the uncini in Sabellaria alveolata exceeds by far that reported in previous studies on the formation of this type of Chaetae. Despite the superficial similarity of uncini in sabellariids and other annelids, differences in structure and details of formation do not support the homology of this type of Chaetae. Chaetogenesis of sabellariid uncini involves unexpected microvilli and cell dynamics, and provides evidence that interactions between cells play a larger role in chaetogenesis than previously expected. In addition to their function as anchors, uncini in Sabellaridae stabilize the paddle-shaped notopodia, as each uncinus possesses a long, thin rod that extends deeply into the notopodium. The rods of all uncini in a single row form a bundle inside the notopodium that additionally serves as a muscle attachment site and thus have a similar function to the inner Chaeta (acicula) of errant polychaetes (Aciculata).

Ekin Tilic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Formation and structure of paleae and Chaetal arrangement in chrysopetalidae (Annelida)
    Zoomorphology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Schabnam Sermelwall, Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Abstract:

    Chrysopetalids, more specifically the subfamily Chrysopetalinae, are known for their characteristic, flattened, leaf-like notopodial Chaetae. In many chrysopetalid species the animal’s body is dorsally covered by these paleae that are arranged in rows similar to the blades of a folding fan. In this study we investigate and compare the Chaetal arrangement in two chrysopetalids: Bhawania goodei Webster, 1884 and Chrysopetalum cf. occidentale Johnson, 1897, using serial sectioning and 3D models. Our results reveal details on the topology of the Chaetal formative site, where chaetogenesis occurs continuously. The course of chaetogenesis is significantly affected by the very large size of the Chaetae, but nevertheless follows the general pattern of chaetogenesis in Annelida. Ultrastructure of the paleae confirms previous observations. The results of the study are the first on chaetogenesis and Chaetal topology in a representative of the Phyllodocida. They indicate differences in the number of formative sites in neuro- and notopodia that now need to be studied in a larger number phyllodocid taxa. A special focus has been laid on details of paleal formation to study potential phylogenetic affinities between Wiwaxia and Chrysopetalidae that were proposed due to the significant similarity of the paleae to the sclerites of Wiwaxia .

  • Getting to the root of fireworms' stinging Chaetae-Chaetal arrangement and ultrastructure of Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766) (Amphinomida).
    Journal of Morphology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Benedikt Pauli, Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Abstract:

    : Amphinomid species are since long known to cause urtication upon contact with the human skin. Since it has been reported that amphinomid Chaetae are hollow, it has repeatedly been suggested that poison is injected upon epidermal contact. To test predictions for the structural correlate of such a stinging device we studied the structure and formation of Chaetae in the fireworm Eurythoe complanata (Amphinomida). Neither the structure of the Chaetae nor their formation and their position within the parapodium provide evidence for their function as hollow needles to inject poison. The Chaetae even turned out to be not hollow, but containing calcareous depositions. The latter most likely cause artificial ruptures of delicate chitin lamellae in the inner of the Chaeta when treated with acidic fixatives. Inorganic calcium compounds harden the Chaetae and make them brittle so that they break easily. Additional information on the structure of the Chaetal sac, the site of formation and the acicula do not contradict the position of the Amphinomida within Annelida as revealed by phylogenomic studies.

  • Chaetal type diversity increases during evolution of Eunicida (Annelida)
    Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Thomas Bartolomaeus, Greg W. Rouse
    Abstract:

    Annelid Chaetae are a superior diagnostic character on species and supraspecific levels, because of their structural variety and taxon specificity. A certain Chaetal type, once evolved, must be passed on to descendants, to become characteristic for supraspecific taxa. Therefore, one would expect that Chaetal diversity increases within a monophyletic group and that additional Chaetae types largely result from transformation of plesiomorphic Chaetae. In order to test these hypotheses and to explain potential losses of diversity, we take up a systematic approach in this paper and investigate Chaetation in Eunicida. As a backbone for our analysis, we used a three-gene (COI, 16S, 18S) molecular phylogeny of the studied eunicidan species. This phylogeny largely corresponds to previous assessments of the phylogeny of Eunicida. Presence or absence of Chaetal types was coded for each species included into the molecular analysis and transformations for these characters were then estimated using the mK1 likelihood model. Our results show that Chaetal type diversity does indeed increase within eunicids and provide possible explanations for the homology, convergence, and loss of Chaetal types in eunicidan subtaxa.

  • Structure, function and cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of abdominal uncini in Sabellaria alveolata (Sabellariidae, Annelida)
    Zoological Letters, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Abstract:

    Background Dynamic apical microvilli of a single cell, called the chaetoblast, inside an ectodermal invagination form the template of annelid Chaetae. Changes in the pattern of microvilli are frozen in time by release of chitin, such that the structure of the definitive Chaeta reflects its formation. Cellular interactions during chaetogenesis also influence the structure of the Chaeta. Analysing chaetogenesis allows for testing hypotheses on the homology of certain Chaetal types. We used this approach to test whether the unusual uncini in Sabellaria alveolata are homologous to apparently similar uncini in other annelid taxa. Results Our study reveals unexpected details of sabellariid uncini, which mechanically reinforce the neuropodia enabling their use as paddles. The final structure of the Chaeta is caused by pulses of microvilli formation and dynamic interaction between the chaetoblast and adjoining follicle cells. Cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of the uncini in Sabellaria alveolata exceeds by far that reported in previous studies on the formation of this type of Chaetae. Conclusion Despite the superficial similarity of uncini in sabellariids and other annelids, differences in structure and details of formation do not support the homology of this type of Chaetae. Chaetogenesis of sabellariid uncini involves unexpected microvilli and cell dynamics, and provides evidence that interactions between cells play a larger role in chaetogenesis than previously expected. In addition to their function as anchors, uncini in Sabellaridae stabilize the paddle-shaped notopodia, as each uncinus possesses a long, thin rod that extends deeply into the notopodium. The rods of all uncini in a single row form a bundle inside the notopodium that additionally serves as a muscle attachment site and thus have a similar function to the inner Chaeta (acicula) of errant polychaetes (Aciculata).

  • Structure, function and cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of abdominal uncini in Sabellaria alveolata (Sabellariidae, Annelida)
    Zoological letters, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ekin Tilic, Thomas Bartolomaeus
    Abstract:

    Dynamic apical microvilli of a single cell, called the chaetoblast, inside an ectodermal invagination form the template of annelid Chaetae. Changes in the pattern of microvilli are frozen in time by release of chitin, such that the structure of the definitive Chaeta reflects its formation. Cellular interactions during chaetogenesis also influence the structure of the Chaeta. Analysing chaetogenesis allows for testing hypotheses on the homology of certain Chaetal types. We used this approach to test whether the unusual uncini in Sabellaria alveolata are homologous to apparently similar uncini in other annelid taxa. Our study reveals unexpected details of sabellariid uncini, which mechanically reinforce the neuropodia enabling their use as paddles. The final structure of the Chaeta is caused by pulses of microvilli formation and dynamic interaction between the chaetoblast and adjoining follicle cells. Cell dynamics during chaetogenesis of the uncini in Sabellaria alveolata exceeds by far that reported in previous studies on the formation of this type of Chaetae. Despite the superficial similarity of uncini in sabellariids and other annelids, differences in structure and details of formation do not support the homology of this type of Chaetae. Chaetogenesis of sabellariid uncini involves unexpected microvilli and cell dynamics, and provides evidence that interactions between cells play a larger role in chaetogenesis than previously expected. In addition to their function as anchors, uncini in Sabellaridae stabilize the paddle-shaped notopodia, as each uncinus possesses a long, thin rod that extends deeply into the notopodium. The rods of all uncini in a single row form a bundle inside the notopodium that additionally serves as a muscle attachment site and thus have a similar function to the inner Chaeta (acicula) of errant polychaetes (Aciculata).