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Stuart Mclean - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mechanisms for Eliminating Monoterpenes of Sagebrush by Specialist and Generalist Rabbits
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2012Co-Authors: Lisa A. Shipley, Edward M. Davis, Laura A. Felicetti, Stuart Mclean, Jennifer Sorensen ForbeyAbstract:Pygmy rabbits ( Brachylagus idahoensis ) are one of only three vertebrates that subsist virtually exclusively on sagebrush ( Artemisia spp.), which contains high levels of monoterpenes that can be toxic. We examined the mechanisms used by specialist pygmy rabbits to eliminate 1,8-Cineole, a monoterpene of sagebrush, and compared them with those of cottontail rabbits ( Sylvilagus nuttalli ), a generalist herbivore. Rabbits were offered food pellets with increasing concentrations of Cineole, and we measured voluntary intake and excretion of Cineole metabolites in feces and urine. We expected pygmy rabbits to consume more, but excrete Cineole more rapidly by using less-energetically expensive methods of detoxification than cottontails. Pygmy rabbits consumed 3–5 times more Cineole than cottontails relative to their metabolic body mass, and excreted up to 2 times more Cineole metabolites in their urine than did cottontails. Urinary metabolites excreted by pygmy rabbits were 20 % more highly-oxidized and 6 times less-conjugated than those of cottontails. Twenty percent of all Cineole metabolites recovered from pygmy rabbits were in feces, whereas cottontails did not excrete fecal metabolites. When compared to other mammals that consume Cineole, pygmy rabbits voluntarily consumed more, and excreted more Cineole metabolites in feces, but they excreted less oxidized and more conjugated Cineole metabolites in urine. Pygmy rabbits seem to have a greater capacity to minimize systemic exposure to Cineole than do cottontails, and other Cineole-consumers, by minimizing absorption and maximizing detoxification of ingested Cineole. However, mechanisms that lower systemic exposure to Cineole may come with a higher energetic cost in pygmy rabbits than in other mammalian herbivores.
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Development of tolerance to the dietary plant secondary metabolite 1,8-Cineole by the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2008Co-Authors: Stuart Mclean, Rebecca Boyle, Sue Brandon, Natasha L. WigginsAbstract:The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a generalist herbivore whose diet includes Eucalyptus leaves that are well defended by plant secondary metabolites (PSM) such as the terpene 1,8-Cineole (Cineole). We accustomed possums to a terpene-free diet, then challenged them with the addition of 2% Cineole to the diet. Initially, there was a 50% reduction in total overnight food consumption associated with a marked decrease in the mass of the major feeding bout. After nine nights, however, Cineole tolerance had developed as total food consumption had returned to the control amount. Compared to the control diet, the Cineole diet was eaten in a larger number of smaller bouts, which were also eaten at a slower rate. The experiment was repeated with animals that had been accustomed to day-time feeding to take blood samples during feeding sessions. Feeding variables and blood concentration data for Cineole were compared on the first and seventh day of the Cineole diet. Although the total food consumed increased 2.5-fold after 7 days of the Cineole diet, there was no increase in average blood Cineole concentration, measured as the area under the concentration–time curve. This indicates that induction of liver enzymes resulted in greater pre-systemic metabolism of Cineole and reduced bioavailability. The maximum tolerated blood concentration of Cineole also increased, suggesting some adaptation of the central nervous system to the Cineole aversive effects. This appears to be the first report in a vertebrate herbivore that consumption of a dietary PSM leads to metabolism induction and that this contributes to development of tolerance to the PSM. Overall, herbivores adapt to newly encountered dietary PSMs by immediate changes in feeding behavior followed by development of increased metabolism of PSM and probably diminished cellular responsiveness to effects.
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Pharmacokinetics of 1,8-Cineole, a dietary toxin, in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): significance for feeding.
Xenobiotica, 2007Co-Authors: Stuart Mclean, Rebecca Boyle, Sue Brandon, Noel W. Davies, J. S. SorensenAbstract:Cineole (Cineole) is a Eucalyptus leaf toxin that defends against predation by herbivores such as the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The aim of the current study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of Cineole in the possum to improve understanding about how possums can avoid Cineole toxicity when eating a Eucalyptus diet. Nine male possums were trapped in the wild and acclimated to captivity; a subcutaneous port was then implanted for venous blood sampling. Cineole was administered intravenously (10 and 15 mg kg -1 ) via a lateral tail vein and orally (30, 100 and 300 mg kg -1 ) by gavage, and blood concentrations of Cineole and its metabolites were determined by gas chromatography. Cineole had a large terminal volume of distribution (Vz ¼ 27 l kg -1 ) and a high clearance (43 ml min -1 kg -1 ), equal to hepatic blood flow. The terminal half-life was approximately 7 h. Oral bioavailability was low (F ¼ 0.05) after low doses, but increased tenfold with dose, probably due to saturable first-pass metabolism. These findings indicate that when possums feed on a Cineole diet, they eat until the Cineole consumed is sufficient to saturate pre-systemic metabolism, leading to a rapid rise in bioavailability and Cineole blood levels, and a cessation of the feeding bout. This is the first report on the pharmacokinetics of a dietary toxin in a wild herbivore, and provides insights into the interactions between the blood concentration of a plant secondary metabolite and the browsing behaviour of a herbivore.
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Rapid Absorption of Dietary 1,8-Cineole Results in Critical Blood Concentration of Cineole and Immediate Cessation of Eating in the Common Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus vulpecula)
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2005Co-Authors: Rebecca R. Boyle, Stuart Mclean, Sue Brandon, Natasha WigginsAbstract:The blood concentration of 1,8-Cineole and its metabolites was measured in six male brushtail possums while they voluntarily fed on diets laced with varying concentrations of Cineole for 3 d. On the third day, blood samples were collected during and after each bout of feeding for 3 hr. Blood Cineole was measured by using headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME), while Cineole metabolites were measured by liquid–liquid extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Feeding patterns were measured by continual recording of residual food weight and time. Cineole absorption was rapid, resulting in a peak blood concentration at the end of each feeding bout. The blood concentration of Cineole did not exceed a critical value (51.8 ± 14.1 μmol/l) regardless of the concentration in the diet. Food and, therefore, Cineole intake was regulated. The amount of food ingested in the first feeding bout decreased from 236 ± 52 g on the control diet to 36 ± 20 g on the 4% Cineole diet. The amount of Cineole ingested in the first bout (1.18 ± 1.10 g) was the same regardless of the dietary concentration and was controlled by the size of the meal. Total food eaten during the 7-hr feeding session decreased by 64% from 368 ± 94 g (control diet) to 131 ± 52 g (4% diet). Total Cineole intake increased from 2.47 ± 0.60 g (1% diet) to 5.05 ± 2.41 g (4% diet). Cineole metabolites accumulated throughout the sampling period and were generally still rising at the end of blood sampling period. Blood levels of metabolites were at least 10-fold higher than Cineole levels. The immediate control of feeding seems to be regulated by blood levels of Cineole, whereas metabolites are likely to be more important in regulating the chronic ingestion of Cineole.
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Constraint of feeding by chronic ingestion of 1,8-Cineole in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2004Co-Authors: Rebecca Boyle, Stuart McleanAbstract:Eucalyptus leaf-eating marsupials such as the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) ingest large amounts of terpenes, especially 1,8-Cineole (Cineole)—the major component of many eucalyptus oils. Brushtail possums were acclimated to a non-Eucalyptus diet with increasing concentrations of Cineole (0.5–4.0% wet weight) added over 18 d. We measured food and Cineole consumption and urinary metabolites of Cineole. Food intake decreased with Cineole content, indicating that it was constrained by the maximum tolerable intake of Cineole that was 3.8 ± 0.2 g kg−1 or 5.2 ± 0.3 g kg−0.75 (mean ± SE, N = 6). The pattern of metabolites was similar at all Cineole intakes (56% hydroxycineolic acids, 27% cineolic acids, 13% hydroxyCineoles, and 4% dihydroxyCineoles). In another experiment, possums maintained on artificial diet were abruptly presented with 4% Cineole for 5 d. Food intake fell by 45 ± 6% (mean ± SE, N = 6) and mean Cineole intake was 2.9 ± 0.3 g kg−1. There was evidence of induction of secondary oxidative pathways, as hydroxyCineoles were the major metabolites (48% total) on the first day, but rapidly dropped to 15% on subsequent days as the acid metabolites increased. These findings indicate that ingestion of Cineole is not constrained by selective saturation of individual enzymes involved in its multiple pathways of oxidation, but rather the total detoxification capacity appears to limit feeding on a Cineole diet.
Andrea Buettner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Determination of Cell Morphology under 1,8-Cineole Treatment in Porcine Intestinal Cells
Flavour Science, 2014Co-Authors: Isabella Almstätter, Jakob Müller, Michael W. Pfaffl, Andrea BuettnerAbstract:A potential effect of 1,8-Cineole on the morphology and growth behavior of the cells lining the first segments of the intestinal system was studied. It was shown that, morphologically, Cineole had no effect on jejunal and ileal porcine cells when applied in pharmacological or physiological concentrations, either during attachment and spreading, or on confluent cell layers. Only exposure to high concentrations of Cineole adversely affected the cells and led to subsequent apoptosis. In a wound healing assay, a potential protective or growth promoting effect by Cineole could not be detected.
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tracing metabolite profiles in human milk studies on the odorant 1 8 Cineole transferred into breast milk after oral intake
Metabolomics, 2013Co-Authors: Frauke Kirsch, Michael Rychlik, Andrea Buettner, Kathie Horst, Waldemar RohrigAbstract:The transfer of certain substances from the maternal diet or medication into breast milk has been known for many years. There is currently also an increasing interest in odorants in human milk and their potential influence on the breastfed child. Nevertheless, metabolic products originating from bioconversion of odorants within the maternal organism have hitherto not been considered. Breastfed children may take in xenobiotic compounds that are transferred unmodified into human milk, but also their metabolic derivatives. Metabolic activation is a crucial point for evaluation of both positive and negative biological effects, thus it is important to understand the basic principles of metabolism in human milk. The present study investigated metabolite profiles of the odorant 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol) in human milk after lactating mothers ingested a non-prescription pharmaceutical (Soledum®) containing this substance. Ten different metabolites were identified, five of which have been previously described in humans and other mammals (α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, β2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, α3-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, 7-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, 9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole). Three of the metabolites have hitherto only been found in microorganisms and insects (2-oxo-1,8-Cineole, 3-oxo-1,8-Cineole, 2,3-dehydro-1,8-Cineole) and the derivatives α2,3-epoxy-1,8-Cineole and 4-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole have never before been identified as metabolites of 1,8-Cineole. Metabolism profiles showed large inter- and intra-individual differences and were strongly related to sampling time. Identification and relative quantification of the metabolites were accomplished by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) after preparation of the human milk extracts by solvent assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE). Synthesised reference substances were used to confirm the chemical identity of the detected substances.
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syntheses of chiral 1 8 Cineole metabolites and determination of their enantiomeric composition in human urine after ingestion of 1 8 Cineole containing capsules
ChemPlusChem, 2013Co-Authors: Monika Schaffarczyk, Teodor Silviu Balaban, Michael Rychlik, Andrea BuettnerAbstract:The chiral metabolites in human urine were investigated after ingestion of a 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol)-containing entero-coated capsule (Soledum). For identification of the various enantiomers the enantiomerically pure (−/+)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, (−/+)-β2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, (−/+)-9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, and (−/+)-2-oxo-1,8-Cineole were prepared. To achieve this aim, after acetylation of the synthesized racemic 2- and 9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineoles, pig liver esterase- or yeast-mediated hydrolysis provided the (−)-alcohols with their antipodal (+)-acetates with enantiomeric excess of 33–100 %. Dess–Martin periodinane oxidation of the alcohol (+)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, obtained by hydrolysis of the resolved acetate, provided the corresponding (+)-2-oxo-1,8-Cineole, meanwhile the oxidation of (−)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole gave (−)-2-oxo-1,8-Cineole. Using these standards seven metabolites (+/−)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, (+/−)-β2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, (+/−)-α3-hydroxyCineole, (+/−)-3-oxo-1,8-Cineole, 4-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, 7-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, and (+/−)-9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, all liberated from their glucuronides, were identified in urine by GC-MS on a chiral stationary phase after consumption of 100 mg of 1,8-Cineole. Metabolite screening using 2H3-1,8-cineol as the internal standard revealed (+/−)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole as the predominant metabolite followed by (+/−)-9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole. Furthermore, the results showed that one enantiomer is always formed preferentially.
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Syntheses of Chiral 1,8‐Cineole Metabolites and Determination of Their Enantiomeric Composition in Human Urine After Ingestion of 1,8‐Cineole‐Containing Capsules
ChemPlusChem, 2012Co-Authors: Monika Schaffarczyk, Teodor Silviu Balaban, Michael Rychlik, Andrea BuettnerAbstract:The chiral metabolites in human urine were investigated after ingestion of a 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol)-containing entero-coated capsule (Soledum). For identification of the various enantiomers the enantiomerically pure (−/+)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, (−/+)-β2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, (−/+)-9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, and (−/+)-2-oxo-1,8-Cineole were prepared. To achieve this aim, after acetylation of the synthesized racemic 2- and 9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineoles, pig liver esterase- or yeast-mediated hydrolysis provided the (−)-alcohols with their antipodal (+)-acetates with enantiomeric excess of 33–100 %. Dess–Martin periodinane oxidation of the alcohol (+)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, obtained by hydrolysis of the resolved acetate, provided the corresponding (+)-2-oxo-1,8-Cineole, meanwhile the oxidation of (−)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole gave (−)-2-oxo-1,8-Cineole. Using these standards seven metabolites (+/−)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, (+/−)-β2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, (+/−)-α3-hydroxyCineole, (+/−)-3-oxo-1,8-Cineole, 4-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, 7-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, and (+/−)-9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole, all liberated from their glucuronides, were identified in urine by GC-MS on a chiral stationary phase after consumption of 100 mg of 1,8-Cineole. Metabolite screening using 2H3-1,8-cineol as the internal standard revealed (+/−)-α2-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole as the predominant metabolite followed by (+/−)-9-hydroxy-1,8-Cineole. Furthermore, the results showed that one enantiomer is always formed preferentially.
Leigh M. Schmidtke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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1,4-Cineole: A contributor to Australian Cabernet Sauvignon typicality
Wine and Viticulture Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Guillaume Antalick, Sophie Tempere, Alain Deloire, Gilles De Revel, John Blackman, Leigh M. SchmidtkeAbstract:The aroma of Australian Cabernet Sauvignon wine is often described using specific herbal attributes such as eucalyptus, mint, bay leaf and dried herbs. These descriptors are usually perceived positively by consumers. While the occurrence of eucalyptus character in Australian red wines has been associated with the presence of 1,8-Cineole (eucalyptol), the origin of these typical herbaceous notes is poorly understood. 1,4-Cineole, a compound with similar structure, odour and natural occurrence to 1,8-Cineole, has been recently identified in Australian red wines but quantitative data and sensory characterisation have not been reported. This study investigated the contribution of 1,4-Cineole to Australian red wine aroma.
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Investigation and Sensory Characterization of 1,4-Cineole: A Potential Aromatic Marker of Australian Cabernet Sauvignon Wine
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Guillaume Antalick, Sophie Tempere, Alain Deloire, Gilles De Revel, Katja Šuklje, John Blackman, Leigh M. SchmidtkeAbstract:This work reports the quantitation and sensory characterization of 1,4-Cineole in red wine for the first time. A headspace–solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS) method was developed to quantitate 1,4-Cineole and 1,8-Cineole in 104 commercial Australian red wines. 1,4-Cineole was detected in all of the wines analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 0.023 to 1.6 μg/L. An important varietal effect was observed, with concentrations of 1,4-Cineole in Cabernet Sauvignon wines (mean of 0.6 ± 0.3 μg/L) significantly higher than in Shiraz (0.07 ± 0.04 μg/L) and Pinot Noir (0.2 ± 0.2 μg/L) wines. Regional variations of both Cineole isomer concentrations have been measured between wines originating from different Australian regions. Sensory studies demonstrated that the addition of 0.54 μg/L 1,4-Cineole in a Cabernet Sauvignon wine, to produce a final concentration of 0.63 μg/L, was perceived significantly by a sensory panel (p < 0.05). Descriptive analyses revealed that ...
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Investigation and sensory characterization of 1,4-Cineole: a potential aromatic marker of australian cabernet sauvignon wine
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Guillaume Antalick, Sophie Tempere, John W. Blackman, Alain Deloire, Gilles De Revel, Leigh M. SchmidtkeAbstract:This work reports the quantitation and sensory characterization of 1,4-Cineole in red wine for the first time. A headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method was developed to quantitate 1,4-Cineole and 1,8-Cineole in 104 commercial Australian red wines. 1,4-Cineole was detected in all of the wines analyzed, with concentrations ranging from 0.023 to 1.6 μg/L. An important varietal effect was observed, with concentrations of 1,4-Cineole in Cabernet Sauvignon wines (mean of 0.6 ± 0.3 μg/L) significantly higher than in Shiraz (0.07 ± 0.04 μg/L) and Pinot Noir (0.2 ± 0.2 μg/L) wines. Regional variations of both Cineole isomer concentrations have been measured between wines originating from different Australian regions. Sensory studies demonstrated that the addition of 0.54 μg/L 1,4-Cineole in a Cabernet Sauvignon wine, to produce a final concentration of 0.63 μg/L, was perceived significantly by a sensory panel (p < 0.05). Descriptive analyses revealed that 1,4-Cineole and 1,8-Cineole may contribute to the hay, dried herbs, and blackcurrant aromas reported in Australian Cabernet Sauvignon wines and may be potential markers of regional typicality of these wines.
Rebecca Boyle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of tolerance to the dietary plant secondary metabolite 1,8-Cineole by the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2008Co-Authors: Stuart Mclean, Rebecca Boyle, Sue Brandon, Natasha L. WigginsAbstract:The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is a generalist herbivore whose diet includes Eucalyptus leaves that are well defended by plant secondary metabolites (PSM) such as the terpene 1,8-Cineole (Cineole). We accustomed possums to a terpene-free diet, then challenged them with the addition of 2% Cineole to the diet. Initially, there was a 50% reduction in total overnight food consumption associated with a marked decrease in the mass of the major feeding bout. After nine nights, however, Cineole tolerance had developed as total food consumption had returned to the control amount. Compared to the control diet, the Cineole diet was eaten in a larger number of smaller bouts, which were also eaten at a slower rate. The experiment was repeated with animals that had been accustomed to day-time feeding to take blood samples during feeding sessions. Feeding variables and blood concentration data for Cineole were compared on the first and seventh day of the Cineole diet. Although the total food consumed increased 2.5-fold after 7 days of the Cineole diet, there was no increase in average blood Cineole concentration, measured as the area under the concentration–time curve. This indicates that induction of liver enzymes resulted in greater pre-systemic metabolism of Cineole and reduced bioavailability. The maximum tolerated blood concentration of Cineole also increased, suggesting some adaptation of the central nervous system to the Cineole aversive effects. This appears to be the first report in a vertebrate herbivore that consumption of a dietary PSM leads to metabolism induction and that this contributes to development of tolerance to the PSM. Overall, herbivores adapt to newly encountered dietary PSMs by immediate changes in feeding behavior followed by development of increased metabolism of PSM and probably diminished cellular responsiveness to effects.
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Pharmacokinetics of 1,8-Cineole, a dietary toxin, in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula): significance for feeding.
Xenobiotica, 2007Co-Authors: Stuart Mclean, Rebecca Boyle, Sue Brandon, Noel W. Davies, J. S. SorensenAbstract:Cineole (Cineole) is a Eucalyptus leaf toxin that defends against predation by herbivores such as the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). The aim of the current study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of Cineole in the possum to improve understanding about how possums can avoid Cineole toxicity when eating a Eucalyptus diet. Nine male possums were trapped in the wild and acclimated to captivity; a subcutaneous port was then implanted for venous blood sampling. Cineole was administered intravenously (10 and 15 mg kg -1 ) via a lateral tail vein and orally (30, 100 and 300 mg kg -1 ) by gavage, and blood concentrations of Cineole and its metabolites were determined by gas chromatography. Cineole had a large terminal volume of distribution (Vz ¼ 27 l kg -1 ) and a high clearance (43 ml min -1 kg -1 ), equal to hepatic blood flow. The terminal half-life was approximately 7 h. Oral bioavailability was low (F ¼ 0.05) after low doses, but increased tenfold with dose, probably due to saturable first-pass metabolism. These findings indicate that when possums feed on a Cineole diet, they eat until the Cineole consumed is sufficient to saturate pre-systemic metabolism, leading to a rapid rise in bioavailability and Cineole blood levels, and a cessation of the feeding bout. This is the first report on the pharmacokinetics of a dietary toxin in a wild herbivore, and provides insights into the interactions between the blood concentration of a plant secondary metabolite and the browsing behaviour of a herbivore.
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Constraint of feeding by chronic ingestion of 1,8-Cineole in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula).
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2004Co-Authors: Rebecca Boyle, Stuart McleanAbstract:Eucalyptus leaf-eating marsupials such as the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) ingest large amounts of terpenes, especially 1,8-Cineole (Cineole)—the major component of many eucalyptus oils. Brushtail possums were acclimated to a non-Eucalyptus diet with increasing concentrations of Cineole (0.5–4.0% wet weight) added over 18 d. We measured food and Cineole consumption and urinary metabolites of Cineole. Food intake decreased with Cineole content, indicating that it was constrained by the maximum tolerable intake of Cineole that was 3.8 ± 0.2 g kg−1 or 5.2 ± 0.3 g kg−0.75 (mean ± SE, N = 6). The pattern of metabolites was similar at all Cineole intakes (56% hydroxycineolic acids, 27% cineolic acids, 13% hydroxyCineoles, and 4% dihydroxyCineoles). In another experiment, possums maintained on artificial diet were abruptly presented with 4% Cineole for 5 d. Food intake fell by 45 ± 6% (mean ± SE, N = 6) and mean Cineole intake was 2.9 ± 0.3 g kg−1. There was evidence of induction of secondary oxidative pathways, as hydroxyCineoles were the major metabolites (48% total) on the first day, but rapidly dropped to 15% on subsequent days as the acid metabolites increased. These findings indicate that ingestion of Cineole is not constrained by selective saturation of individual enzymes involved in its multiple pathways of oxidation, but rather the total detoxification capacity appears to limit feeding on a Cineole diet.
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effects of two plant secondary metabolites Cineole and gallic acid on nightly feeding patterns of the common brushtail possum
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2003Co-Authors: Natasha L. Wiggins, Stuart Mclean, Clare Mcarthur, Rebecca BoyleAbstract:We investigated effects of two plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), Cineole and gallic acid, on the nightly feeding behavior of the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a generalist folivore. We tested whether possums altered their feeding behavior in response to increasing levels of Cineole, a dietary terpene. Possums were fed artificial diets containing three levels of Cineole; zero (basal diet), medium (6.8% of total dry matter, DM), and high (15.3% DM). In another experiment, we introduced gallic acid, a dietary phenolic, into the diets. Possums were offered a Choice PSM diet (Cineole and gallic acid diets simultaneously) or a No-Choice PSM diet (containing either Cineole or gallic acid). Detoxification products of Cineole and gallic acid were examined in urine to determine that different detoxification pathways were utilized in the elimination of each compound. With increasing Cineole levels, possums ate less, had smaller feeding bouts, and had a lower rate of intake, but did not extend their total nightly feeding time. Possums offered the Choice PSM diet, compared with the No-Choice diets, ate more, had larger feeding bouts, and tended to increase their rate of intake. Results from the urinary analysis indicated that gallic acid and Cineole were not involved in competing detoxification pathways in brushtail possums. There was also a significant sex effect: females ate more overall, ate more per feeding bout, and ate at a higher rate than males. These results indicate that PSMs not only constrain overall intake, but that possums alter their feeding behavior in response to them. Altered feeding patterns may reduce the negative influence of PSMs on intake.
Ali Taheri Mirghaed - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of dietary 1 8 Cineole supplementation on serum stress and antioxidant markers of common carp cyprinus carpio acutely exposed to ambient ammonia
Aquaculture, 2019Co-Authors: Ali Taheri Mirghaed, Sahel Fayaz, Seyyed Morteza HoseiniAbstract:Abstract In the present study, the effects of dietary Cineole were investigated on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) responses to ammonia toxicity. The fish were fed with diets containing 0%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Cineole for 2 weeks followed by a 24-h ammonia challenge (0.5 mg/L unionized ammonia-N). Serum cortisol, glucose, lactate, T4, T3, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured before and after the ammonia challenge. Results showed that ammonia challenge significantly increased serum cortisol, glucose, TAC and MDA and decreased serum thyroid hormones, lactate, CAT and SOD. Cineole, especially at 0.5%, significantly decreased serum cortisol, glucose and MDA, and increased serum lactate, thyroid hormones and antioxidant enzymes. Ammonia had no effects on GPx activity but Cineole administration significantly increased the enzyme activity. There were interaction effects of dietary Cineole and ammonia toxicity on serum T3, CAT, SOD and MDA: 0.5% and 1% Cineole administration inhibited the ammonia-induced T3 suppression; 0.5% Cineole mitigated the ammonia-induced CAT and SOD suppression; and 0.5% Cineole mitigated the ammonia-induced MDA elevation. These results suggest that Cineole is capable to counteract the ammonia-induced changes in these parameters. In conclusion, Cineole administration is beneficial for common carp as it suppresses stress response, augments thyroid hormones levels and suppresses oxidative stress. Moreover, Cineole mitigates adverse effects of ammonia toxicity on serum T3 and suppresses oxidative stress caused by ammonia toxicity. Administration of 0.5% Cineole to common carp diet for 2 weeks is recommended to counteract the adverse effects of periodical ammonia exposure.
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effects of dietary 1 8 Cineole supplementation on physiological immunological and antioxidant responses to crowding stress in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss
Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Ali Taheri Mirghaed, Seyyed Morteza Hoseini, Melika GhelichpourAbstract:The aim of the present study was to investigate beneficial effects of dietary 1,8-Cineole (Cineole) supplementation on physiological, immunological and antioxidant responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to crowding stress. The fish were fed for 50 days with diets containing 0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1% Cineole prior to exposure to a 14-day crowding stress. Serum stress markers (cortisol, glucose, lactate, T4 and T3), antioxidant responses [catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondyaldehyde (MDA) levels] and immune responses [lysozyme and alternative complement (ACH50) activity, and total immunoglobulin (Ig) levels], and blood leukocyte (WBC) and differential counts were measured before and after crowding stress. Results showed that 1% Cineole was capable to reduce the basal and stress-induced cortisol elevation and increase the serum T3 levels after stress. Increase in dietary Cineole levels significantly decreased serum cortisol, glucose and lactate levels. Increase in dietary Cineole levels significantly increased serum CAT, SOD, lysozyme and ACH50 activities, and TAC and eosinophil levels, and decreased MDA and monocyte levels. After the stress, there was no significant difference in the control group CAT and SOD activities compared to the basal values; however, CAT activities decreased and SOD activities increased in the Cineole-treated groups compared to the basal values. Nevertheless, the control group had significantly lower CAT and SOD activities compared to the fish treated with 0.1-1% Cineole. Cineole significantly increased blood WBC and serum lysozyme, ACH50 and total Ig. Moreover, Cineole administration significantly mitigated the stress-induced decrease in total Ig levels as well as increase in leukocyte count. The Cineole-treated fish had higher survival and growth performance compared to the control group. Although all levels of Cineole (0.05-1%) showed beneficial effects on different tested factors, 0.5 and 1% levels had beneficial effects on most of the tested factors; thus, are recommended for dietary inclusion to suppress adverse effects of stress in trout.
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Effects of dietary Cineole administration on growth performance, hematological and biochemical parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Aquaculture, 2018Co-Authors: Seyyed Morteza Hoseini, Ali Taheri Mirghaed, Yousef Iri, Melika GhelichpourAbstract:Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary 1,8-Cineole (Cineole) administration on rainbow trout growth performance and health. The fish were fed with Cineole supplemented diets [0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1%] for 50 days. Thereafter, the fish growth performance, survival rate and proximate composition, blood RBC, hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, triglyceride and cholesterol, and activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were investigated. The results showed that the fish growth performance increased along with increase in dietary Cineole levels up to 1%. The Cineole treated fish had 100% survival; whereas the control survival rate was 88.9%. The Cineole-treated fish had significantly higher serum total protein and globulin compared to the control group. Cineole at 0.25–1% levels significantly increased blood RBC, Hb and Hct levels, and decreased serum triglyceride levels and AST and ALP activities compared to the control group. Serum cholesterol levels showed significant decrease at the Cineole levels of 0.5 and 1% compared to the other treatments. In conclusion, the results suggest that dietary Cineole is capable to stimulate trout immune function and mitigate hemolysis and serum lipid levels. Such health benefits may explain the improved fish growth performance and survival rate. According to the results, dietary Cineole supplementation at 0.84–0.88% would be beneficial in rainbow trout.