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Domenico Otranto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • treatment and control of bovine hypodermosis with ivermectin long acting injection ivomec gold
    Parasites & Vectors, 2016
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Greg Johnson, Kevin Syvrud, James S Hunter, S. Yoon, Steffen Rehbein
    Abstract:

    The studies reported here were conducted to assess the efficacy of ivermectin long-acting injection (IVM LAI; IVOMEC® GOLD, Merial; 3.15 % w/v ivermectin) for the treatment and control of natural infestations of cattle by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, which are the most economically important oestrid flies of cattle in the northern hemisphere. Cattle selected from herds with a history of Hypoderma infestation were grouped into blocks of three (Italy, 33 cattle; Germany, 30 cattle) or two (USA, 16 cattle) animals each, on the basis of positivity at the pre-treatment anti-Hypoderma antibody titres. Within each block, animals were randomly allocated to one of the following treatment regimens: saline (control); IVM LAI, administered at the predicted time of occurrence of first-instar larvae (Italy, Germany, USA); IVM LAI, administered at the predicted time of occurrence of second- and/or third-instar larvae (Italy, Germany). All treatments were administered by subcutaneous injection in correspondence of the area anterior to the shoulder at 1 ml/50 kg body weight, which corresponds to 630 mcg IVM/kg for IVM LAI. No Hypoderma larvae emerged from animals treated with IVM LAI, whereas live H. lineatum (Italy) or H. bovis (Germany, USA) larvae were collected from saline-treated animals (P < 0.01). No adverse reactions to treatments were in any of the animals enrolled in the study. The results from this study demonstrate that ivermectin in a long-acting formulation is 100 % efficacious in the treatment of cattle naturally infested by H. bovis and H. lineatum larvae at all stages of development. IVM LAI can, therefore, be used as ‘prophylactic’ treatment for Hypoderma spp. infestations in absence of external evidence of their presence and thus prior to skin and carcass damage, and as ‘therapeutic’ treatment, when warbles are already present.

  • analysis of a mitochondrial noncoding region for the identification of the most diffused Hypoderma species diptera oestridae
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Stefania Weigl, Donato Traversa, Gabriella Testini, Filipe Dantastorres, Antonio Parisi, Douglas D. Colwell, Domenico Otranto
    Abstract:

    Abstract Hypoderma spp. larvae cause internal myiasis in domestic and wild animals characterized by subcutaneous warbles. Their differentiation is usually performed at species level based on the morphology of third stage larvae. The recent release of the whole mtDNA of Hypoderma lineatum and the retrieval of a 102 bp noncoding region occurring between tRNASer and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nd1) genes represented the foundation for this study. The noncoding region and the two flanking mitochondrial genes (i.e., tRNASer and nd1) of the most diffused Hypoderma spp. (i.e., Hypoderma actaeon, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma diana, H. lineatum, Hypoderma sinense and Hypoderma tarandi) were analysed. Interspecific variations in amplicon size (from 20 to 102 bp in H. tarandi and H. lineatum, respectively) and nucleotide sequences allowed a genetic discrimination of the examined species providing information instrumental to a rapid molecular identification of Hypoderma spp.

  • efficacy of moxidectin injectable and pour on formulations in a pilot control program against bovine hypodermosis in southern italy
    Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2005
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Donato Traversa, Alessandro Agostini, Piermarino Milillo, Gioia Capelli
    Abstract:

    Bovine hypodermosis is a myiasis caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae) larvae, which has a severe economic impact on the livestock industry. Though myiasis is widespread throughout Italy, no nationwide eradication program has ever been planned, unlike in other European Countries. With a view to setting up a national control program, a pilot study was carried out in Southern Italy on 9939 cattle bred in an area with a high prevalence of cattle hypodermosis, using moxidectin 0.5% pour-on (Cydectin®, Fort Dodge) and 1% injectable (Cydectin®, Fort Dodge) formulations. At the recommended dosage, moxidectin displayed efficacy levels of 99.9% in the pour-on and 100% in the injectable formulation, whereas the microdose (1 mg per head regardless of body weight) was less effective (65.7%). This trial contributed to a significant reduction in infestation rates in the study area and represented the first step through which a national program for eradicating warble fly infestation in Italy.

  • cattle grub infestation by Hypoderma sp in albania and risks for european countries
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Gabriella Testini, Pëllumb Zalla, Selman Zanaj
    Abstract:

    Abstract In order to estimate the presence and the seroprevalence of hypodermosis in Albania, 625 head of cattle were bled during two sampling seasons (i.e. from February to March 2003 and from November to December 2003). The cattle came from three collection sites in Northern (site A), Central (site B) and Southern (site C) Albania. Milk samples were collected monthly from four animals from October 2002 to May 2003 during the lactating period. The animals were also clinically examined for the presence of warbles by manual palpation from April to July 2003 and 2004 and third instar larvae were collected and morphologically identified. Serum and milk samples were processed by ELISA. One hundred and thirty-three (38.6%) out of 344 and 116 (41.3%) out of 281 animals were found to be seropositive for Hypoderma during the first and the second sampling season. In particular, the animals from site C presented the highest percentage of seropositive results (i.e. 72.8% and 97.8% in the first and in second year, respectively) followed by the animals from sites A (i.e. 35.8% and 23.8% in the first and in second year, respectively) and B (i.e. 17.8% and 3.4% in the first and in second year, respectively). The kinetics of anti- Hypoderma antibodies in milk samples showed the highest antibody titres from October to February 2003. All the seropositive animals in both the sampling periods showed the presence of one or more warbles under the skin during April and May 2003 and 2004 and the third-stage larvae collected were morphologically identified as Hypoderma bovis . The results of this survey indicate that hypodermosis is widespread in Albania and that early prophylactic treatments must be carried out accordingly. The hope is not only to reduce the parasitic intensity with obvious benefits for livestock production, but also to avoid the risk of spreading this parasitic disease to neighboring countries.

  • short communication efficacy of moxidectin injectable and pour on formulations in a pilot control program against bovine hypodermosis in southern italy
    2005
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Donato Traversa, Alessandro Agostini, Piermarino Milillo, Gioia Capelli
    Abstract:

    Bovine hypodermosis is a myiasis caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae) larvae, which has a severe economic impact on the livestock industry. Though myiasis is widespread throughout Italy, no nationwide eradication program has ever been planned, unlike in other European Countries. With a view to setting up a national control program, a pilot study was carried out in Southern Italy on 9939 cattle bred in an area with a high prevalence of cattle hypodermosis, using moxidectin 0.5% pour-on (Cydectin 1 , Fort Dodge) and 1% injectable (Cydectin 1 , Fort Dodge) formulations. At the recommended dosage, moxidectin displayed efficacy levels of 99.9% in the pour-on and 100% in the injectable formulation, whereas the microdose (1 mg per head regardless of body weight) was less effective (65.7%). This trial contributed to a significant reduction in infestation rates in the study area and represented the first step through which a national program for eradicating warble fly infestation in Italy. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Jamie R. Stevens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • species identification of Hypoderma affecting domestic and wild ruminants by morphological and molecular characterization
    Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Donato Traversa, Douglas D. Colwell, Jamie R. Stevens
    Abstract:

    .  Cuticular structures and the sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I gene were compared for Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus), Hypoderma lineatum (De Villers), Hypoderma actaeon Brauer, Hypoderma diana Brauer and Hypoderma tarandi (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Oestridae). Third-stage larvae of each species were examined by scanning electron microscopy revealing differences among species in the pattern and morphology of spines on the cephalic and thoracic segments, by spine patterns on the tenth abdominal segment, and by morphology of the spiracular plates. The morphological approach was supported by the molecular characterization of the most variable region of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of these species, which was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analysed. Amplicons were digested with the unique restriction enzyme, BfaI, providing diagnostic profiles able to simultaneously differentiate all Hypoderma species examined. These findings confirm the utility of morphological characters for differentiating the most common Hypoderma larvae and reconfirm the power of the COI gene for studying insect identification and systematics.

  • molecular differentiation of Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum diptera oestridae by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism pcr rflp
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Elvira Tarsitano, Donato Traversa, Jamie R. Stevens
    Abstract:

    The most variable region of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of Hypoderma bovis1 and Hypoderma lineatum2 (Diptera, Oestridae) was amplified by PCR and the amplicons were sequenced and analysed. PCR products were digested with three restriction enzymes, namely BfaI, HinfI and TaqI, providing informative profiles. H. bovis and H. lineatum sequences revealed an inter-specific variation rate of 8.5%, and an intra-specific variation rate of 0.87 and 0.29%, respectively. The results showed that the COI gene region examined was useful for the differentiation of H. bovis and H. lineatum and that a PCR-RFLP assay is a practical tool for their identification, offering additional diagnostic and epidemiological instruments for the study of cattle grub infestation.

Donato Traversa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • analysis of a mitochondrial noncoding region for the identification of the most diffused Hypoderma species diptera oestridae
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Stefania Weigl, Donato Traversa, Gabriella Testini, Filipe Dantastorres, Antonio Parisi, Douglas D. Colwell, Domenico Otranto
    Abstract:

    Abstract Hypoderma spp. larvae cause internal myiasis in domestic and wild animals characterized by subcutaneous warbles. Their differentiation is usually performed at species level based on the morphology of third stage larvae. The recent release of the whole mtDNA of Hypoderma lineatum and the retrieval of a 102 bp noncoding region occurring between tRNASer and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nd1) genes represented the foundation for this study. The noncoding region and the two flanking mitochondrial genes (i.e., tRNASer and nd1) of the most diffused Hypoderma spp. (i.e., Hypoderma actaeon, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma diana, H. lineatum, Hypoderma sinense and Hypoderma tarandi) were analysed. Interspecific variations in amplicon size (from 20 to 102 bp in H. tarandi and H. lineatum, respectively) and nucleotide sequences allowed a genetic discrimination of the examined species providing information instrumental to a rapid molecular identification of Hypoderma spp.

  • efficacy of moxidectin injectable and pour on formulations in a pilot control program against bovine hypodermosis in southern italy
    Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2005
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Donato Traversa, Alessandro Agostini, Piermarino Milillo, Gioia Capelli
    Abstract:

    Bovine hypodermosis is a myiasis caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae) larvae, which has a severe economic impact on the livestock industry. Though myiasis is widespread throughout Italy, no nationwide eradication program has ever been planned, unlike in other European Countries. With a view to setting up a national control program, a pilot study was carried out in Southern Italy on 9939 cattle bred in an area with a high prevalence of cattle hypodermosis, using moxidectin 0.5% pour-on (Cydectin®, Fort Dodge) and 1% injectable (Cydectin®, Fort Dodge) formulations. At the recommended dosage, moxidectin displayed efficacy levels of 99.9% in the pour-on and 100% in the injectable formulation, whereas the microdose (1 mg per head regardless of body weight) was less effective (65.7%). This trial contributed to a significant reduction in infestation rates in the study area and represented the first step through which a national program for eradicating warble fly infestation in Italy.

  • short communication efficacy of moxidectin injectable and pour on formulations in a pilot control program against bovine hypodermosis in southern italy
    2005
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Donato Traversa, Alessandro Agostini, Piermarino Milillo, Gioia Capelli
    Abstract:

    Bovine hypodermosis is a myiasis caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera, Oestridae) larvae, which has a severe economic impact on the livestock industry. Though myiasis is widespread throughout Italy, no nationwide eradication program has ever been planned, unlike in other European Countries. With a view to setting up a national control program, a pilot study was carried out in Southern Italy on 9939 cattle bred in an area with a high prevalence of cattle hypodermosis, using moxidectin 0.5% pour-on (Cydectin 1 , Fort Dodge) and 1% injectable (Cydectin 1 , Fort Dodge) formulations. At the recommended dosage, moxidectin displayed efficacy levels of 99.9% in the pour-on and 100% in the injectable formulation, whereas the microdose (1 mg per head regardless of body weight) was less effective (65.7%). This trial contributed to a significant reduction in infestation rates in the study area and represented the first step through which a national program for eradicating warble fly infestation in Italy. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • a third species of Hypoderma diptera oestridae affecting cattle and yaks in china molecular and morphological evidence
    Journal of Parasitology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, G Guan, Donato Traversa, Annunziata Giangaspero, Douglas D. Colwell, C??line Boulard
    Abstract:

    Cattle and yak hypodermosis in China is caused by Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum, with a prevalence reaching up to 98-100% of the animals and maximum intensities exceeding 400 warbles for each animal. A third species, H. sinense ,i s also considered by Chinese researchers to affect livestock. The molecular characterization of the most variable region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and of the ribosomal 28S gene has been performed for the third-stage larvae collected from cattle and yaks in China and identified (on the basis of the spinulation on the ventral side of the 10th segment) as H. bovis, H. lineatum, and H. sinense. Amplicons were digested with the HinfI and BfaI restriction enzymes, which provided diagnostic profiles to simultaneously differentiate the 3 Hypodermaspecies. Third-stage larvae of H. sinense were also examined by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed proper morphological characteristics different from those of H. bovis and H. lineatum. The molecular and morphological evidence herein reported support the existence of a third species of Hypoderma affecting cattle and yaks in China, and the results provide new tools for unequivocal identification of this species and present key components for the evaluation of its endogenous cycle and pathogenicity in animals and humans. Larvae of Hypoderma spp. (Diptera, Oestridae) cause myia- sis to develop in warbles under the skin of domestic and wild ruminants (Zumpt, 1965). The most common species are Hy- poderma bovis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hypoderma lineatum(De Villers, 1789), mainly affecting cattle, Hypoderma diana Brauer, 1858, Hypoderma actaeonBrauer, 1858, and Hypoder- ma tarandi (Linnaeus, 1758), affecting cervids (roe deer, red deer, and reindeer, respectively). Myiasis caused by larvae of Hypoderma spp. greatly impairs livestock production and wild ruminant welfare by inducing mechanical damage to internal organs and skin and by down- regulating the host's immune system (Boulard, 1989; Chabaudie and Boulard, 1992; Scholl, 1993; Nicolas-Gaulard et al., 1995; Boulard, 2002). In addition to the 5 species noted above, 2 other species have been described by Zumpt (1965), i.e., Hypoderma capreola Rubtzov, 1939, which has also been considered as synonymous of H. diana (see Grunin, 1962), and Hypoderma moschiferi Brauer, 1863. An eighth species, H. sinense, was described by Pleske (1926), but the author did not make comparisons between the adult flies and those of the other species (Grunin, 1969) and did not deposit holotypes. Furthermore, this species has long been considered a synonym of H. lineatum (see Zumpt, 1965), thought to affect animals living in mountainous regions (Grun- in, 1969). Identification of third larval stages (L3) of Hypoderma spp. is currently performed using 3 morphological keys (James, 1947; Zumpt, 1965; Sugar, 1976) on the basis of the presence or absence of the spines on the ventral surface of the 10th segment or on the structure of the posterior spiracles. A com- parative description of H. bovis, H. lineatum, H. diana, H. ac- taeon, and H. tarandi has been made using scanning electron

  • myiasis caused by oestridae serological and molecular diagnosis
    Parassitologia, 2004
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Donato Traversa, Annunziata Giangaspero
    Abstract:

    Myiasis-causing Oestridae (bot flies) infect several animal species world-wide, from palaearctic to subtropical/tropical areas. Oestrids affect livestock production causing abortion, reduced milk production, losses in weight and fertility, poor hide quality and an impairment of the host's immune system. In the last few years much research has been carried out on the immunology of these infestations, in order to acquire efficient and reliable diagnostic serological tools; the genome of the different species of Oestridae has been studied to further their molecular identification, taxonomy and phylogenesis. The immunodiagnostic methods for many myiasis causing Oestrids have proven to be a viable alternative to the clinical parasitological examination or the post-mortem examination. Numerous serological tests have been developed for the diagnosis of bovine hypodermosis caused by Hypoderma bovis and Hypoderma lineatum, and ELISAs using larval hypodermin C as the antigen are currently used on serum, individual and pooled milk samples to detect the presence of circulating anti-Hypoderma antibodies. In Italy the best period to sample the animals is November-January, since it is in this period that the antibody kinetics of the animals reaches a peak. Recently the efficacy of the ELISA test on pasteurized milk samples has been demonstrated, allowing the diagnosis of bovine hypodermosis also in areas where there is no information on the presence of the disease and the sampling of the animals is laborious. The cross-reactivity between Przhevalskiana silenus antigens and anti-Hypoderma antibodies led to assessing the usefulness of a simple and cost-effective ELISA for the diagnosis of goat warble fly infection. In particular, it has been demonstrated that infected goats display an antibody peak in November-December in blood and milk, thus making this period suitable for sampling. Although no extensive data is available on the immunology of sheep and goat oestrosis caused by Oestrus ovis, the efficacy of ELISA has been demonstrated by correlating serological results with clinical post-mortem examinations. No immunological techniques are currently used to diagnose gasterophilosis of equids and only one study reports the efficacy of ELISA for detecting anti-Gasterophilus antibodies in infected equids. Several studies have been conducted into the molecular characterization of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)--in particular of the gene encoding for the cytochrome oxidase I (COI)--for many free-living and parasitic arthropods for diagnostic, taxonomic and phylogenetic purposes. As regards Oestridae causing myiasis, the first study features a PCR-RFLP assay of the most common Italian species (i.e. H. bovis, H. lineatum, Gasterophilus intestinalis, P. silenus, O. ovis), which showed clear genetic differences among the genera examined, but no inter-specific variation between the two species of Hypoderma considered. The molecular characterization of the most variable region of the COI gene (encoding for the region from E4 to the terminal COOH) was able to clearly differentiate H. bovis and H. lineatum. The E4-COOH region of the COI gene has been characterized for 18 oestrid species and from a taxonomical point of view, molecular data confirm the morphological classification, with the examined species divided into four subfamilies. New insights have also been gained on the molecular differentiation of the most common species of Hypoderma (i.e. H. bovis, H. lineatum, Hypoderma actaeon, Hypoderma diana and Hypoderma tarandi) and, in particular, the restriction enzyme BfaI, provides a diagnostic profile that can be used to simultaneously differentiate all the species examined. The characterization of the E4-COOH COI gene and the hypervariable region of the gene encoding for the ribosomal Isu revealed the identity of Hypoderma sinense as a new species, infecting cattle and yaks in China. Finally, the molecular analysis of the same mitochondrial and ribosomal regions showed that P. silenus, Przhevalskiana aegagri and Przhevalskiana crossii are morphotypes of the same species.

Douglas D. Colwell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • analysis of a mitochondrial noncoding region for the identification of the most diffused Hypoderma species diptera oestridae
    Veterinary Parasitology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Stefania Weigl, Donato Traversa, Gabriella Testini, Filipe Dantastorres, Antonio Parisi, Douglas D. Colwell, Domenico Otranto
    Abstract:

    Abstract Hypoderma spp. larvae cause internal myiasis in domestic and wild animals characterized by subcutaneous warbles. Their differentiation is usually performed at species level based on the morphology of third stage larvae. The recent release of the whole mtDNA of Hypoderma lineatum and the retrieval of a 102 bp noncoding region occurring between tRNASer and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nd1) genes represented the foundation for this study. The noncoding region and the two flanking mitochondrial genes (i.e., tRNASer and nd1) of the most diffused Hypoderma spp. (i.e., Hypoderma actaeon, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma diana, H. lineatum, Hypoderma sinense and Hypoderma tarandi) were analysed. Interspecific variations in amplicon size (from 20 to 102 bp in H. tarandi and H. lineatum, respectively) and nucleotide sequences allowed a genetic discrimination of the examined species providing information instrumental to a rapid molecular identification of Hypoderma spp.

  • a third species of Hypoderma diptera oestridae affecting cattle and yaks in china molecular and morphological evidence
    Journal of Parasitology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, G Guan, Donato Traversa, Annunziata Giangaspero, Douglas D. Colwell, C??line Boulard
    Abstract:

    Cattle and yak hypodermosis in China is caused by Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum, with a prevalence reaching up to 98-100% of the animals and maximum intensities exceeding 400 warbles for each animal. A third species, H. sinense ,i s also considered by Chinese researchers to affect livestock. The molecular characterization of the most variable region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and of the ribosomal 28S gene has been performed for the third-stage larvae collected from cattle and yaks in China and identified (on the basis of the spinulation on the ventral side of the 10th segment) as H. bovis, H. lineatum, and H. sinense. Amplicons were digested with the HinfI and BfaI restriction enzymes, which provided diagnostic profiles to simultaneously differentiate the 3 Hypodermaspecies. Third-stage larvae of H. sinense were also examined by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed proper morphological characteristics different from those of H. bovis and H. lineatum. The molecular and morphological evidence herein reported support the existence of a third species of Hypoderma affecting cattle and yaks in China, and the results provide new tools for unequivocal identification of this species and present key components for the evaluation of its endogenous cycle and pathogenicity in animals and humans. Larvae of Hypoderma spp. (Diptera, Oestridae) cause myia- sis to develop in warbles under the skin of domestic and wild ruminants (Zumpt, 1965). The most common species are Hy- poderma bovis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hypoderma lineatum(De Villers, 1789), mainly affecting cattle, Hypoderma diana Brauer, 1858, Hypoderma actaeonBrauer, 1858, and Hypoder- ma tarandi (Linnaeus, 1758), affecting cervids (roe deer, red deer, and reindeer, respectively). Myiasis caused by larvae of Hypoderma spp. greatly impairs livestock production and wild ruminant welfare by inducing mechanical damage to internal organs and skin and by down- regulating the host's immune system (Boulard, 1989; Chabaudie and Boulard, 1992; Scholl, 1993; Nicolas-Gaulard et al., 1995; Boulard, 2002). In addition to the 5 species noted above, 2 other species have been described by Zumpt (1965), i.e., Hypoderma capreola Rubtzov, 1939, which has also been considered as synonymous of H. diana (see Grunin, 1962), and Hypoderma moschiferi Brauer, 1863. An eighth species, H. sinense, was described by Pleske (1926), but the author did not make comparisons between the adult flies and those of the other species (Grunin, 1969) and did not deposit holotypes. Furthermore, this species has long been considered a synonym of H. lineatum (see Zumpt, 1965), thought to affect animals living in mountainous regions (Grun- in, 1969). Identification of third larval stages (L3) of Hypoderma spp. is currently performed using 3 morphological keys (James, 1947; Zumpt, 1965; Sugar, 1976) on the basis of the presence or absence of the spines on the ventral surface of the 10th segment or on the structure of the posterior spiracles. A com- parative description of H. bovis, H. lineatum, H. diana, H. ac- taeon, and H. tarandi has been made using scanning electron

  • species identification of Hypoderma affecting domestic and wild ruminants by morphological and molecular characterization
    Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Donato Traversa, Douglas D. Colwell, Jamie R. Stevens
    Abstract:

    .  Cuticular structures and the sequence of the cytochrome oxidase I gene were compared for Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus), Hypoderma lineatum (De Villers), Hypoderma actaeon Brauer, Hypoderma diana Brauer and Hypoderma tarandi (Linnaeus) (Diptera, Oestridae). Third-stage larvae of each species were examined by scanning electron microscopy revealing differences among species in the pattern and morphology of spines on the cephalic and thoracic segments, by spine patterns on the tenth abdominal segment, and by morphology of the spiracular plates. The morphological approach was supported by the molecular characterization of the most variable region of the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene of these species, which was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analysed. Amplicons were digested with the unique restriction enzyme, BfaI, providing diagnostic profiles able to simultaneously differentiate all Hypoderma species examined. These findings confirm the utility of morphological characters for differentiating the most common Hypoderma larvae and reconfirm the power of the COI gene for studying insect identification and systematics.

  • tarsal sensilla of the warble flies Hypoderma bovis and h lineatum diptera oestridae
    Annals of The Entomological Society of America, 1993
    Co-Authors: Douglas D. Colwell, Nancy M Berry
    Abstract:

    In a scanning electron microscope study of the tarsi of both sexes of Hypoderma bovis (L.) and H. lineatum (Villers), we found eight types of sensilla. Two types of sensilla trichoidea were present on both dorsal and ventral surfaces of all tarsomeres. Two types of sensilla chaetica were also present on all tarsomeres, but were found only on the ventral surfaces. Four types of sensilla basiconica were present and were generally found on all tarsomeres although one type (pB) was present only on the fifth tarsomere. Basiconica were located primarily on the ventral surfaces, although occasionally one was found on the dorsal surface. Female H. bovis had the highest total number of sensilla. Total numbers of sensilla were similar for male H. bovis and male and female H. lineatum . Female H. bovis had higher numbers of mechanosensory trichoidea and chemosensory basiconica than conspecific males and both sexes of H. lineatum . It is postulated that the higher number of sensilla on female H. bovis is correlated with a requirement for increased sensitivity which results from their unique oviposition behavior.

C??line Boulard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a third species of Hypoderma diptera oestridae affecting cattle and yaks in china molecular and morphological evidence
    Journal of Parasitology, 2004
    Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, G Guan, Donato Traversa, Annunziata Giangaspero, Douglas D. Colwell, C??line Boulard
    Abstract:

    Cattle and yak hypodermosis in China is caused by Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum, with a prevalence reaching up to 98-100% of the animals and maximum intensities exceeding 400 warbles for each animal. A third species, H. sinense ,i s also considered by Chinese researchers to affect livestock. The molecular characterization of the most variable region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene and of the ribosomal 28S gene has been performed for the third-stage larvae collected from cattle and yaks in China and identified (on the basis of the spinulation on the ventral side of the 10th segment) as H. bovis, H. lineatum, and H. sinense. Amplicons were digested with the HinfI and BfaI restriction enzymes, which provided diagnostic profiles to simultaneously differentiate the 3 Hypodermaspecies. Third-stage larvae of H. sinense were also examined by scanning electron microscopy, which revealed proper morphological characteristics different from those of H. bovis and H. lineatum. The molecular and morphological evidence herein reported support the existence of a third species of Hypoderma affecting cattle and yaks in China, and the results provide new tools for unequivocal identification of this species and present key components for the evaluation of its endogenous cycle and pathogenicity in animals and humans. Larvae of Hypoderma spp. (Diptera, Oestridae) cause myia- sis to develop in warbles under the skin of domestic and wild ruminants (Zumpt, 1965). The most common species are Hy- poderma bovis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Hypoderma lineatum(De Villers, 1789), mainly affecting cattle, Hypoderma diana Brauer, 1858, Hypoderma actaeonBrauer, 1858, and Hypoder- ma tarandi (Linnaeus, 1758), affecting cervids (roe deer, red deer, and reindeer, respectively). Myiasis caused by larvae of Hypoderma spp. greatly impairs livestock production and wild ruminant welfare by inducing mechanical damage to internal organs and skin and by down- regulating the host's immune system (Boulard, 1989; Chabaudie and Boulard, 1992; Scholl, 1993; Nicolas-Gaulard et al., 1995; Boulard, 2002). In addition to the 5 species noted above, 2 other species have been described by Zumpt (1965), i.e., Hypoderma capreola Rubtzov, 1939, which has also been considered as synonymous of H. diana (see Grunin, 1962), and Hypoderma moschiferi Brauer, 1863. An eighth species, H. sinense, was described by Pleske (1926), but the author did not make comparisons between the adult flies and those of the other species (Grunin, 1969) and did not deposit holotypes. Furthermore, this species has long been considered a synonym of H. lineatum (see Zumpt, 1965), thought to affect animals living in mountainous regions (Grun- in, 1969). Identification of third larval stages (L3) of Hypoderma spp. is currently performed using 3 morphological keys (James, 1947; Zumpt, 1965; Sugar, 1976) on the basis of the presence or absence of the spines on the ventral surface of the 10th segment or on the structure of the posterior spiracles. A com- parative description of H. bovis, H. lineatum, H. diana, H. ac- taeon, and H. tarandi has been made using scanning electron

  • comparative efficacy of different insecticides in the treatment of cattle hypodermosis in north eastern algeria
    Veterinary Research, 1998
    Co-Authors: Ahmed Benakhla, C??line Boulard, J F Lonneux, Bertrand Losson, D Benouareth
    Abstract:

    : The efficacy of different drugs (microdose of ivermectin, doramectin and moxidectin at the recommended doses and topically applied rotenone) against the first, second and third instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis and H. lineatum was studied in cattle in the El Tarf area (northeastern Algeria). Before performing the efficacy trials, the life cycle of the warble fly was studied at the slaughterhouse between July 1993 and June 1994. This survey revealed that both species of warble fly were present in this area: L1 larvae of H. lineatum were found around the oesophagus between August and January, whereas L1 larvae of H. bovis were observed around the spine from November until March. Warbles were present under the skin from the end of October until May. The nymphal phase took place between February and May. As a result of this study the authors recommend applying chemoprophylaxis (treatment against L1) in September. This work also confirmed the excellent efficacy of avermectins and milbemycins against the three instar larvae of Hypoderma sp. under the field conditions prevailing in Algeria. Rotenone has a lower efficacy (95%) which is limited to the second and third instar larvae. However, this drug appears useful in dairy cattle.

  • bovine hypodermyiasis a quasi sequential procedure for observation of live stock for surveillance of recrudescence in eradicated zones
    Veterinary Research, 1997
    Co-Authors: Jean Vaillant, G Argente, C??line Boulard
    Abstract:

    A quasi-sequential sampling plan for observing cattle was undertaken in the framework of Hypoderma bovis epidemiological surveillance. This plan enabled us to test whether or not the prevalence of Hypoderma bovis is within a threshold p0 chosen for an eradication scheme or for qualifying a zone. The sampling cost was reduced but the estimation precision remained acceptable. The sensitivity of monthly controls with respect to the reference period (April, May, June, July) was studied from data observed over 6 consecutive years in Cotes d'Armor, France. The best ratio sensitivity/sampling cost was obtained with a unique counting plan in June where 48% (36 to 60%) of the herds found to be infested during the reference period were detected. The test procedure concerning the prevalence level was then adapted to take into account the sensitivity of the observation method. This is tantamount to reducing the threshold p0.

  • sero surveillance of hypodermosis in a herd under therapeutic control effect of a low level of infestation
    Veterinary Parasitology, 1996
    Co-Authors: C??line Boulard, C Villejoubert, Nathalie Moire, Bertrand Losson, J F Lonneux
    Abstract:

    Abstract A cattle herd from the experimental farm of INRA in Nouzilly has been treated for hypodermosis since October 1990. Additionally, a regional eradication scheme has been implemented in this area since autumn 1992. Bi-monthly warble counts were performed between March and July each year on an average of 200 animals. No warble was recorded in this herd from 1991 to 1994 with the exception of two dairy cows in 1993. In autumn 1994, therapeutic control measures were stopped. Serological surveys were performed in the autumn of each year from 1991 until 1995. Anti-Hypoderma antibodies were found in 25%, 27.2%, 4.3%, 3.2% and 0% of the animals respectively. An experimental low infestation was conducted in the summer of 1994. During the spring 1994, third instars of Hypoderma bovis were collected from naturally infested animals. From a total of 13 pupae, six adults (four males and two females) emerged and were released in the herd of Nouzilly on 24 June and 4 July. In October 1994 serological investigations revealed two animals seropositive for hypodermosis. This number increased to six in January 1995. The antibody kinetics of these six animals remained parallel throughout the next 6 months: the titres increased up to April and started to fall in May to return to negative values in August. Manual examinations of the animals at weekly intervals between April and July revealed the presence of four warbled animals with one, one, two and three warbles respectively. The two other seropositive animals remained warble free. One other animal showed antibody titre fluctuations between negative and low positive values, but was warble free in the spring. In October 1995 all the animals of the herd were seronegative. The interpretation and the value of a sensitive immunodiagnosis in a large eradication programme are discussed and compared with warble counts, especially in the case of a low level of infestation.

  • cross reactive stage specific antigens in the oestridae family
    Veterinary Research, 1996
    Co-Authors: C??line Boulard, C Villejoubert, Nathalie Moire
    Abstract:

    The larval stages of different economically important Oestridae species were studied for their antigenicity and cross reactivity, using ELISA and immunoblotting. The immune sera of cattle from Algeria, Belgium, France and Switzerland were compared for their capacity to recognize the stage-specific antigens of their specific parasites Hypoderma bovis and H lineatum, originating from different populations. This comparison was extended to other Hypoderminae species responsible for economic losses in European animal production: H diana in roe deer and H tarandi in reindeer. The specific host for each of these parasites recognized common epitopes of hypodermin C, a collagenolytic enzyme previously well characterized in the first instar of H bovis and H lineatum. No cross reactivity was found with other Oestridae, such as Oestrus ovis or Gasterophilus intestinalis. The specificity of hypodermin C was evaluated using sera from animals harbouring other arthropods such as ticks, helminths, including Fasciola hepatica and Haemonchus contortus, or protozoa such as Anaplasma sp, and no reaction was observed. The use of hypodermin C is therefore suggested as an antigen in the immuno-survey of economically-important Hypoderminae.