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Laurence B. Leonard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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specific Language Impairment across Languages
Child Development Perspectives, 2014Co-Authors: Laurence B. LeonardAbstract:Children with specific Language Impairment (SLI) have a significant and longstanding deficit in spoken Language ability that adversely affects their social and academic well-being. Studies of children with SLI in a wide variety of Languages reveal diverse symptoms, most of which seem to reflect weaknesses in grammatical computation and phonological short-term memory. The symptoms of the disorder are sensitive to the type of Language being acquired, with extraordinary weaknesses seen in those areas of Language that are relatively challenging for younger typically developing children. Although these children's deficits warrant clinical and educational attention, their weaknesses might reflect the extreme end of a Language aptitude continuum rather than a distinct, separable condition.
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Use of noun morphology by children with Language Impairment: the case of Hungarian
International journal of language & communication disorders, 2010Co-Authors: Ágnes Lukács, Laurence B. Leonard, Bence KasAbstract:Background: Children with Language Impairment often exhibit significant difficulty in the use of grammatical morphology. Although English-speaking children with Language Impairment have special dif...
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grammatical morpheme effects on sentence processing by school aged adolescents with specific Language Impairment
Language and Cognitive Processes, 2009Co-Authors: Laurence B. Leonard, Carol A. Miller, Denise A. FinneranAbstract:Sixteen-year-olds with specific Language Impairment (SLI), nonspecific Language Impairment (NLI), and those showing typical Language development (TD) responded to target words in sentences that were either grammatical or contained a grammatical error immediately before the target word. The TD participants showed the expected slower response times (RTs) when errors preceded the target word, regardless of error type. The SLI and NLI groups also showed the expected slowing, except when the error type involved the omission of a tense/agreement inflection. This response pattern mirrored an early developmental period of alternating between using and omitting tense/agreement inflections that is characteristic of SLI and NLI. The findings could not be readily attributed to factors such as insensitivity to omissions in general or insensitivity to the particular phonetic forms used to mark tense/agreement. The observed response pattern may represent continued difficulty with tense/agreement morphology that persists...
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Grammaticality judgements in adolescents with and without Language Impairment.
International journal of language & communication disorders, 2008Co-Authors: Carol A. Miller, Laurence B. Leonard, Denise A. FinneranAbstract:Background: Existing evidence suggests that young children with specific Language Impairment have unusual difficulty in detecting omissions of obligatory tense‐marking morphemes, but little is known about adolescents' sensitivity to such violations.Aims: The study investigated whether limitations in receptive morphosyntax (as measured by grammaticality judgements) were present at age 16 years, and, if so, whether participants' profiles showed less sensitivity to omissions of tense and agreement morphemes than to (1) inappropriate uses (intrusions) of these same morphemes, and (2) omissions of morphemes that do not encode tense and agreement. The study also compared adolescents with Language Impairment and non‐verbal IQ more than 1 standard deviation (SD) below the mean (non‐specific Language Impairment) to adolescents with specific Language Impairment.Methods & Procedures: Adolescents with specific Language Impairment (n = 48), adolescents with non‐specific Language Impairment (n = 25), and adolescents wi...
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speed of processing working memory and Language Impairment in children
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 2007Co-Authors: Laurence B. Leonard, Bruce J Tomblin, Susan Ellis Weismer, Carol A. Miller, David J Francis, Robert KailAbstract:Purpose Children with Language Impairment (LI) often perform below the level of typically developing peers on measures of both processing speed and working memory. This study examined the relations...
Bruce J Tomblin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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procedural learning in adolescents with and without specific Language Impairment
Language Learning and Development, 2007Co-Authors: Bruce J Tomblin, Elina Mainelaarnold, Xuyang ZhangAbstract:Deficits in procedural learning have been hypothesized to contribute to the Language and in particular grammatical difficulties of individuals with specific Language Impairment (SLI). This study tested this hypothesis by examining serial reaction time (SRT) learning in adolescents with and without SLI. The SRT task involved blocks of random sequences and pattern sequences. Response times for correct trials showed that responses for both groups improved in the trial blocks containing the pattern sequence. Adolescents with SLI showed slower learning rates during the pattern learning in comparison to the controls. When the Language Impairment was defined in terms of grammar Impairments similar slower learning rates were found, but when Language Impairment was based on vocabulary group differences were not found. The results suggest that deficits in procedural learning system may account for some of the individual differences in Language and grammar learning as well as problems of individuals with SLI.
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speed of processing working memory and Language Impairment in children
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 2007Co-Authors: Laurence B. Leonard, Bruce J Tomblin, Susan Ellis Weismer, Carol A. Miller, David J Francis, Robert KailAbstract:Purpose Children with Language Impairment (LI) often perform below the level of typically developing peers on measures of both processing speed and working memory. This study examined the relations...
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oral and written story composition skills of children with Language Impairment
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 2004Co-Authors: Marc E Fey, Bruce J Tomblin, Hugh W. Catts, Kerry Proctorwilliams, Xuyang ZhangAbstract:In this study 538 children composed 1 oral and 1 written fictional story in both 2nd and 4th grades. Each child represented 1 of 4 diagnostic groups: typical Language (TL), specific Language Impairment (SLI), nonspecific Language Impairment (NLI), or low nonverbal IQ (LNIQ). The stories of the TL group had more different words, more grammatical complexity, fewer errors, and more overall quality than either Language-impaired group at either grade. Stories of the SLI and LNIQ groups were consistently stronger than were those of the NLI group. Kindergarten children with Language Impairment (LI) whose standardized test performance suggested normalization by 2nd grade also appeared to have recovered in storytelling abilities at that point. By 4th grade, however, these children's stories were less like the children with TL and more like those of children with persistent LI than they had been in 2nd grade. Oral stories were better than written stories in both grades, although the greatest gains from 2nd to 4th g...
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association of specific Language Impairment sli to the region of 7q31
American Journal of Human Genetics, 2003Co-Authors: Erin K Obrien, Bruce J Tomblin, Xuyang Zhang, Carla Nishimura, Jeffrey C MurrayAbstract:FOXP2 (forkhead box P2) was the first gene characterized in which a mutation affects human speech and Language abilities. A common developmental Language disorder, specific Language Impairment (SLI), affects 6%–7% of children with normal nonverbal intelligence and has evidence of a genetic basis in familial and twin studies. FOXP2 is located on chromosome 7q31, and studies of other disorders with speech and Language Impairment, including autism, have found linkage to this region. In the present study, samples from children with SLI and their family members were used to study linkage and association of SLI to markers within and around FOXP2, and samples from 96 probands with SLI were directly sequenced for the mutation in exon 14 of FOXP2. No mutations were found in exon 14 of FOXP2, but strong association was found to a marker within the CFTR gene and another marker on 7q31, D7S3052, both adjacent to FOXP2, suggesting that genetic factors for regulation of common Language Impairment reside in the vicinity of FOXP2.
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speed of processing in children with specific Language Impairment
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 2001Co-Authors: Carol A. Miller, Laurence B. Leonard, Robert Kail, Bruce J TomblinAbstract:The aim of the present study was to investigate the speed with which children with specific Language Impairment (SLI) respond on a range of tasks. Seventy-seven third-grade children participated in 10 different tasks (involving a total of 41 conditions), including nonlinguistic and linguistic activities. Mean response times (RTs) of children with SLI (n = 29) increased as a function of mean RTs of children with normal Language (NLD, n = 29) under each of three different regression models; children with SLI responded more slowly across all task conditions, and also when linguistic and nonlinguistic tasks were analyzed separately. Children with nonspecific Language Impairment (NLI) were also included (n = 19). The results were similar to those for children with SLI, but the degree of slowing was greater. The results of the group analyses support the hypothesis that speed of processing in children with SLI is generally slower than that of children with normal Language. However, some children with SLI do not appear to show deficits of this type.
Dorothy V. M. Bishop - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Adult psychosocial outcomes of children with specific Language Impairment, pragmatic Language Impairment and autism.
International journal of language & communication disorders, 2009Co-Authors: Andrew J. O. Whitehouse, Helen J. Watt, Elizabeth Line, Dorothy V. M. BishopAbstract:Background: The few studies that have tracked children with developmental Language disorder to adulthood have found that these individuals experience considerable difficulties with psychosocial adjustment (for example, academic, vocational and social aptitude). Evidence that some children also develop autistic symptomatology over time has raised suggestions that developmental Language disorder may be a high-functioning form of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is not yet clear whether these outcomes vary between individuals with different subtypes of Language Impairment. Aims: To compare the adult psychosocial outcomes of children with specific Language Impairment (SLI), pragmatic Language Impairment (PLI) and ASD. Methods & Procedures: All participants took part in research as children. In total, there were 19 young adults with a childhood history of Specific Language Impairment (M age = 24;8), seven with PLI (M age = 22;3), 11 with high functioning ASD (M age = 21;9) and 12 adults with no history of developmental disorder (Typical; n = 12; M age = 21;6). At follow-up, participants and their parents were interviewed to elicit information about psychosocial outcomes. Outcomes & Results: Participants in the SLI group were most likely to pursue vocational training and work in jobs not requiring a high level of Language/literacy ability. The PLI group tended to obtain higher levels of education and work in ‘skilled’ professions. The ASD participants had lower levels of independence and more difficulty obtaining employment than the PLI and SLI participants. All groups had problems establishing social relationships, but these difficulties were most prominent in the PLI and ASD groups. A small number of participants in each group were found to experience affective disturbances. The PLI and SLI groups showed lower levels of autistic symptomatology than the ASD group. Conclusions & Implications: The between-group differences in autistic symptomatology provide further evidence that SLI, PLI, and ASD are related disorders that vary along qualitative dimensions of Language structure, Language use and circumscribed interests. Childhood diagnosis showed some relation to adult psychosocial outcome. However, within-group variation highlights the importance of evaluating children on a case-by-case basis.
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Disproportionate Language Impairment in children using cochlear implants.
Ear and hearing, 2008Co-Authors: Kelvin Hawker, Dorothy V. M. Bishop, Jayne Ramirez-inscoe, Tracey Twomey, Gerard M. O'donoghue, David R. MooreAbstract:OBJECTIVES: To examine the nature of previously unexplained, severe Language Impairments in some children using a cochlear implant (CI). DESIGN: Six prelingually deaf children with unexplained, "disproportionate" Language problems (DLI group) were matched to Control children on etiology, age at implantation, and CI experience. All children completed a test battery used to identify specific Language Impairment in normally hearing children. RESULTS: Despite equivalent performance IQ, significant differences were found between the DLI and Control children on all five Language tests. CONCLUSIONS: Language difficulties experienced by some children using a CI seem to be additional to those produced by their deafness and may reflect the same, predominantly inherited basis as specific Language Impairment.
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Pragmatic Language Impairment and social deficits in Williams syndrome: a comparison with Down's syndrome and specific Language Impairment.
International journal of language & communication disorders, 2004Co-Authors: Glynis Laws, Dorothy V. M. BishopAbstract:Background: The social communication strength of individuals with Williams syndrome described by some researchers contrasts with the picture of social difficulties painted by others.Aims: To study the pragmatic aspects of Language, social relationships and unusual interests in a group of children and adults with Williams syndrome, and to compare them with a group of children and adults with Down's syndrome, children with specific Language Impairment, and a group of typically developing children.Methods & Procedures: Parents or teachers completed the Children's Communication Checklist or a modified version of it with wording appropriate for adults. Study groups consisted of 19 children and young adults with Williams syndrome, 24 with Down's syndrome, 17 children with specific Language Impairment and 32 typically developing children.Outcomes & Results: Checklist ratings for the group with Williams syndrome indicated significant levels of pragmatic Language Impairment, and difficulties with social relationsh...
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exploring the borderlands of autistic disorder and specific Language Impairment a study using standardised diagnostic instruments
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2002Co-Authors: Dorothy V. M. Bishop, Courtenay Frazier NorburyAbstract:Background: Two studies were conducted to test claims that pragmatic Language Impairment (PLI – previously referred to as semantic-pragmatic disorder) is simply another term for autistic disorder or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS). Method: In Study 1, 21 children aged from 6 to 9 years with Language Impairments were subdivided on the basis of the Children’s Communication Checklist into 13 cases of pragmatic Language Impairment (PLI) and eight cases of typical specific Language Impairment (SLI-T). Parents completed the Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised (ADI-R) and the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), and the children were given the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Generic (ADOS-G). In Study 2, a further 11 children with SLI-T and 18 with PLI were assessed using the SCQ and ADOS-G. In addition, six children diagnosed with high-functioning autism and 18 normally developing children were assessed. Results: There was good agreement between ADI-R and SCQ diagnoses, but poor agreement between diagnoses based on these parental report measures and those based on ADOS-G. In many children, symptom profiles changed with age. Four PLI children from Study 1 and one from Study 2 met criteria for autistic disorder on both parental report (ADI-R or SCQ) and ADOS-G. Many of the others showed some autistic features, but there was a subset of children with pragmatic difficulties who were not diagnosed as having autism or PDDNOS by either instrument. These children tended to use stereotyped Language with abnormal intonation/prosody, but they appeared sociable and communicative, had normal nonverbal communication, and showed few abnormalities outside the Language/social communication domains. Conclusions: Presence of pragmatic difficulties in a child with communication problems should prompt the clinician to evaluate autistic symptomatology, but it is dangerous to assume that all children with pragmatic difficulties have autism or PDDNOS. Keywords: Autism, PDDNOS, pragmatics, Language Impairment, semantic-pragmatic disorder, diagnosis. Abbreviations: ADI-R: Autism Diagnostic Interview – Revised; ADOS-G: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Generic; CCC: Children’s Communication Checklist; HFA: high functioning autism; MLU: mean length of utterance in morphemes; PDDNOS: pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified; PLI: pragmatic Language Impairment; SCQ: social communication questionnaire; SLI(-T): (typical) specific Language Impairment.
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genetic and environmental risks for specific Language Impairment in children
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2001Co-Authors: Dorothy V. M. BishopAbstract:Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is the term used to refer to unexplained difficulties in Language acquisition in children. Over the past decade, there has been rapid growth of evidence indicating that genes play an important part in the aetiology of SLI. However, further progress in elucidating the role of genes in causing SLI is limited by our lack of understanding of the phenotype. Studies to date have been hampered by the fact that we do not know whether SLI should be treated as a discrete disorder or a continuous variable, let alone which measures should be used to identify cases, or how many subtypes there are. Recent research suggests that theoretically motivated measures of underlying processes may be better than conventional clinical diagnoses for identifying aetiologically distinct types of Language Impairment. There has been a tendency for researchers to embrace parsimony and look for a single cause of SLI-or in any event, to identify different subtypes, each with a different single cause. Research is reviewed that suggests that may not be a fruitful approach to SLI, and that an approach in terms of multiple risk and protective factors, which is widely adopted in medicine, is more realistic.
Gillian Baird - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Homozygous microdeletion of exon 5 in ZNF277 in a girl with specific Language Impairment
European Journal of Human Genetics, 2014Co-Authors: Fabiola Ceroni, Gillian Baird, Gina Conti-ramsden, Nuala H Simpson, Patrick F Bolton, Elizabeth R Hennessy, Ann Clark, Clyde Francks, Peter Donnelly, David R BentleyAbstract:Specific Language Impairment (SLI), an unexpected failure to develop appropriate Language skills despite adequate non-verbal intelligence, is a heterogeneous multifactorial disorder with a complex genetic basis. We identified a homozygous microdeletion of 21,379 bp in the ZNF277 gene (NM_021994.2), encompassing exon 5, in an individual with severe receptive and expressive Language Impairment. The microdeletion was not found in the proband’s affected sister or her brother who had mild Language Impairment. However, it was inherited from both parents, each of whom carries a heterozygous microdeletion and has a history of Language problems. The microdeletion falls within the AUTS1 locus, a region linked to autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). Moreover, ZNF277 is adjacent to the DOCK4 and IMMP2L genes, which have been implicated in ASD. We screened for the presence of ZNF277 microdeletions in cohorts of children with SLI or ASD and panels of control subjects. ZNF277 microdeletions were at an increased allelic frequency in SLI probands (1.1%) compared with both ASD family members (0.3%) and independent controls (0.4%). We performed quantitative RT-PCR analyses of the expression of IMMP2L , DOCK4 and ZNF277 in individuals carrying either an IMMP2L _ DOCK4 microdeletion or a ZNF277 microdeletion. Although ZNF277 microdeletions reduce the expression of ZNF277 , they do not alter the levels of DOCK4 or IMMP2L transcripts. Conversely, IMMP2L _ DOCK4 microdeletions do not affect the expression levels of ZNF277 . We postulate that ZNF277 microdeletions may contribute to the risk of Language Impairments in a manner that is independent of the autism risk loci previously described in this region.
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Associations of HLA alleles with specific Language Impairment
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 2014Co-Authors: Ron Nudel, Gillian Baird, Anthony P Monaco, Gina Conti-ramsden, Nuala H Simpson, Anne O’hare, Patrick F Bolton, Elizabeth R Hennessy, Julian C Knight, Bruce WinneyAbstract:Background Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders in which Language is affected. However, to date, no studies have investigated the possible involvement of HLA loci in specific Language Impairment (SLI), a disorder that is defined primarily upon unexpected Language Impairment. We report association analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and HLA types in a cohort of individuals affected by Language Impairment. Methods We perform quantitative association analyses of three linguistic measures and case-control association analyses using both SNP data and imputed HLA types. Results Quantitative association analyses of imputed HLA types suggested a role for the HLA-A locus in susceptibility to SLI. HLA-A A1 was associated with a measure of short-term memory ( P = 0.004) and A3 with expressive Language ability ( P = 0.006). Parent-of-origin effects were found between HLA-B B8 and HLA-DQA1 *0501 and receptive Language. These alleles have a negative correlation with receptive Language ability when inherited from the mother ( P = 0.021, P = 0.034, respectively) but are positively correlated with the same trait when paternally inherited ( P = 0.013, P = 0.029, respectively). Finally, case control analyses using imputed HLA types indicated that the DR10 allele of HLA-DRB1 was more frequent in individuals with SLI than population controls ( P = 0.004, relative risk = 2.575), as has been reported for individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Conclusion These preliminary data provide an intriguing link to those described by previous studies of other neurodevelopmental disorders and suggest a possible role for HLA loci in Language disorders.
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Impairment in non‐word repetition: a marker for Language Impairment or reading Impairment?
Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2011Co-Authors: Gillian Baird, Vicky Slonims, Emily Simonoff, Katharina DworzynskiAbstract:Aim A deficit in non-word repetition (NWR), a measure of short-term phonological memory proposed as a marker for Language Impairment, is found not only in Language Impairment but also in reading Impairment. We evaluated the strength of association between Language Impairment and reading Impairment in children with current, past, and no Language Impairment and assessed any differential Impairment of NWR, compared with two other tests of verbal memory in children with Language Impairment with and without reading Impairment. Method Our sample comprised children aged 6–16y 11mo participating in a study of the genetics of Language Impairment: 78 children from 68 families (53 males, 25 females) with current Language Impairment (C-LI), compared with their 74 siblings: 25 children (18 males, seven females) with a past history of Language Impairment and 49 children (27 males, 22 females) who had never had a Language Impairment. The tests used were the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF III), the Children’s Test of Non-word Repetition (CN-Rep), the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML) verbal memory index, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III) digit span, and the Wechsler Objective Reading Dimensions (WORDUK). Results Reading Impairment was present in two-thirds of the children with current Language Impairment. NWR deficits were significantly worse in children with Language Impairment who had reading Impairment in reading decoding (p=0.007 and 0.004 – average group compared with borderline and definitely impaired groups respectively) or spelling (p=0.002 and 0.005 – average group compared with borderline and severely impaired groups respectively) (not correlated with severity of Language Impairment) but not comprehension Impairment. In contrast, WISC digit span and WRAML verbal memory were impaired in all children with Language Impairment and did not differentiate those who also had reading Impairment. Interpretation We suggest that current NWR ability may be a marker of a process specifically underlying Language Impairment, co-occurring with reading Impairment involving reading decoding and spelling, rather than a generic correlate of Language Impairment. Other verbal memory deficits appear to be pervasive in children with Language Impairment.
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Memory Impairment in children with Language Impairment.
Developmental medicine and child neurology, 2009Co-Authors: Gillian Baird, Vicky Slonims, Katharina Dworzynski, Emily SimonoffAbstract:Aim The aim of this study was to assess whether any memory Impairment co-occuring with Language Impairment is global, affecting both verbal and visual domains, or domain specific. Method Visual and verbal memory, learning, and processing speed were assessed in children aged 6 years to 16 years 11 months (mean 9y 9m, SD 2y 6mo) with current, resolved, and no Language Impairment using the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML), a standardized memory and learning test for children, and the Children’s Test of Non-Word Repetition (CNRep), a test of phonological short-term memory. Fifty-one children (38 males, 13 females) with current speech and Language Impairment from 49 families were compared with 13 siblings (11 males, 2 females) with a past history of Language Impairment and 26 (15 males, 11 females) who had never had Language Impairment. Results Children with current Language Impairment showed Impairment in all verbal memory measures compared with children who had never had Language Impairment, and these Impairments were still evident in children with a past history of learning Impairment. Visual memory and learning were not impaired compared with children who had never had Language Impairment. The severity of verbal memory Impairment correlated with the degree of Language Impairment. Interpretation We concluded that in Language Impairment there is domain specificity of memory Impairment affecting verbal processing.
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autistic symptomatology and Language ability in autism spectrum disorder and specific Language Impairment
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2008Co-Authors: Tom Loucas, Emily Simonoff, Tony Charman, Andrew Pickles, Susie Chandler, David Meldrum, Gillian BairdAbstract:BACKGROUND: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and specific Language Impairment (SLI) are common developmental disorders characterised by deficits in Language and communication. The nature of the relationship between them continues to be a matter of debate. This study investigates whether the co-occurrence of ASD and Language Impairment is associated with differences in severity or pattern of autistic symptomatology or Language profile. METHODS: Participants (N = 97) were drawn from a total population cohort of 56,946 screened as part of study to ascertain the prevalence of ASD, aged 9 to 14 years. All children received an ICD-10 clinical diagnosis of ASD or No ASD. Children with nonverbal IQ > or =80 were divided into those with a Language Impairment (Language score of 77 or less) and those without, creating three groups: children with ASD and a Language Impairment (ALI; N = 41), those with ASD and but no Language Impairment (ANL; N = 31) and those with Language Impairment but no ASD (SLI; N = 25). RESULTS: Children with ALI did not show more current autistic symptoms than those with ANL. Children with SLI were well below the threshold for ASD. Their social adaptation was higher than the ASD groups, but still nearly 2 SD below average. In ALI the combination of ASD and Language Impairment was associated with weaker functional communication and more severe receptive Language difficulties than those found in SLI. Receptive and expressive Language were equally impaired in ALI, whereas in SLI receptive Language was stronger than expressive. CONCLUSIONS: Co-occurrence of ASD and Language Impairment is not associated with increased current autistic symptomatology but appears to be associated with greater Impairment in receptive Language and functional communication.
Xuyang Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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procedural learning in adolescents with and without specific Language Impairment
Language Learning and Development, 2007Co-Authors: Bruce J Tomblin, Elina Mainelaarnold, Xuyang ZhangAbstract:Deficits in procedural learning have been hypothesized to contribute to the Language and in particular grammatical difficulties of individuals with specific Language Impairment (SLI). This study tested this hypothesis by examining serial reaction time (SRT) learning in adolescents with and without SLI. The SRT task involved blocks of random sequences and pattern sequences. Response times for correct trials showed that responses for both groups improved in the trial blocks containing the pattern sequence. Adolescents with SLI showed slower learning rates during the pattern learning in comparison to the controls. When the Language Impairment was defined in terms of grammar Impairments similar slower learning rates were found, but when Language Impairment was based on vocabulary group differences were not found. The results suggest that deficits in procedural learning system may account for some of the individual differences in Language and grammar learning as well as problems of individuals with SLI.
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oral and written story composition skills of children with Language Impairment
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 2004Co-Authors: Marc E Fey, Bruce J Tomblin, Hugh W. Catts, Kerry Proctorwilliams, Xuyang ZhangAbstract:In this study 538 children composed 1 oral and 1 written fictional story in both 2nd and 4th grades. Each child represented 1 of 4 diagnostic groups: typical Language (TL), specific Language Impairment (SLI), nonspecific Language Impairment (NLI), or low nonverbal IQ (LNIQ). The stories of the TL group had more different words, more grammatical complexity, fewer errors, and more overall quality than either Language-impaired group at either grade. Stories of the SLI and LNIQ groups were consistently stronger than were those of the NLI group. Kindergarten children with Language Impairment (LI) whose standardized test performance suggested normalization by 2nd grade also appeared to have recovered in storytelling abilities at that point. By 4th grade, however, these children's stories were less like the children with TL and more like those of children with persistent LI than they had been in 2nd grade. Oral stories were better than written stories in both grades, although the greatest gains from 2nd to 4th g...
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association of specific Language Impairment sli to the region of 7q31
American Journal of Human Genetics, 2003Co-Authors: Erin K Obrien, Bruce J Tomblin, Xuyang Zhang, Carla Nishimura, Jeffrey C MurrayAbstract:FOXP2 (forkhead box P2) was the first gene characterized in which a mutation affects human speech and Language abilities. A common developmental Language disorder, specific Language Impairment (SLI), affects 6%–7% of children with normal nonverbal intelligence and has evidence of a genetic basis in familial and twin studies. FOXP2 is located on chromosome 7q31, and studies of other disorders with speech and Language Impairment, including autism, have found linkage to this region. In the present study, samples from children with SLI and their family members were used to study linkage and association of SLI to markers within and around FOXP2, and samples from 96 probands with SLI were directly sequenced for the mutation in exon 14 of FOXP2. No mutations were found in exon 14 of FOXP2, but strong association was found to a marker within the CFTR gene and another marker on 7q31, D7S3052, both adjacent to FOXP2, suggesting that genetic factors for regulation of common Language Impairment reside in the vicinity of FOXP2.
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prevalence of specific Language Impairment in kindergarten children
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 1997Co-Authors: Bruce J Tomblin, Nancy L Records, Paula Buckwalter, Elaine M. Smith, Xuyang Zhang, Marlea ObrienAbstract:This epidemiologic study estimated the prevalence of specific Language Impairment (SLI) in monolingual English-speaking kindergarten children. From a stratified cluster sample in rural, urban, and ...
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a system for the diagnosis of specific Language Impairment in kindergarten children
Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 1996Co-Authors: Bruce J Tomblin, Nancy L Records, Xuyang ZhangAbstract:A valid and reliable diagnostic standard for Language Impairment is required for the conduct of epidemiologic research on specific Language disorder. A rationale is provided for such a diagnostic s...
