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Melissa A Cyders - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Relationship of Negative Urgency to cingulo-insular and cortico-striatal resting state functional connectivity in tobacco use
Brain Imaging and Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Miji Um, Tom A. Hummer, Melissa A CydersAbstract:Negative Urgency, defined as a tendency to act rashly under extreme Negative emotion, is strongly associated with tobacco use. Despite the robust evidence linking Negative Urgency and tobacco use and accumulating evidence suggesting that localized, segregated brain regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), insula, and amygdala are related to Negative Urgency, resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of Negative Urgency in tobacco use has not yet been examined. This study included 34 daily tobacco users and 62 non-users matched on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and lifetime psychiatric diagnosis from a publicly available neuroimaging dataset collected by the Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland Project. Using the bilateral NAcc, insula, and amygdala as seed regions, seed-based rsFC analyses were conducted on the whole brain. In the whole sample, Negative Urgency was positively correlated with rsFC between the left insula and right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). Compared to non-users, tobacco users had a stronger rsFC strength between the right amygdala and right middle temporal gyrus. In tobacco users, Negative Urgency was Negatively associated with rsFC between the left NAcc and right dACC and between the left NAcc and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; these relationships were positive in non-users. Identifying functional connectivity implicated in Negative Urgency and tobacco use is the crucial first step to design and test pharmacological and physiological interventions to reduce Negative Urgency related tobacco use.
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shared neural correlates underlying addictive disorders and Negative Urgency
Brain Sciences, 2019Co-Authors: Miji Um, Zachary T Whitt, Rebecca Revilla, Taylor Hunton, Melissa A CydersAbstract:Negative Urgency is a personality trait reflecting the tendency to act rashly in response to extreme Negative emotions and is considered a transdiagnostic endophenotype for problematic levels of addictive behaviors. Recent research has begun to identify the neural correlates of Negative Urgency, many of which appear to overlap with neural circuitry underlying addictive disorders associated with Negative Urgency. The goal of this qualitative review is to summarize the extant literature concerning the neural correlates of Negative Urgency, to compare these correlates with those implicated with addictive disorders, and to propose new ways to begin to leverage such findings in treatment and intervention approaches. We also address current limitations in the field and make recommendations for areas for future growth in this research domain. Patterns of structure and function in the ventral striatum, frontal regions, such as the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and amygdala are common across addictive disorders and are related to both real-world risky behaviors and self-report measures of Negative Urgency. We propose that the time has come to move past considering this trait and these disorders as completely separate entities, and instead for the field to consider how general patterns of convergence across these disorders can lead to a more transdiagnostic approach to treatment and intervention. We suggest future work utilize these convergent patterns in the development of animal models of Negative Urgency, in the identification and testing of prime pharmacological and physiological interventions, and as objective biomarkers to be used when testing behavioral, pharmacological, and physiological intervention effectiveness. Little empirical work has been done to date in these areas and advances in these nascent fields would advance understanding and applications of the neuroscience of Negative Urgency.
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integrating preclinical and clinical models of Negative Urgency
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2019Co-Authors: Meredith E Halcomb, Evangelia Argyriou, Melissa A CydersAbstract:Overwhelming evidence suggests that Negative Urgency is robustly associated with rash, ill-advised, behavior and this trait may hamper attempts to treat patients with substance use disorder. Research applying Negative Urgency to clinical treatment settings has been limited. We propose that the development of a viable, translational model of Negative Urgency is imperative for greater understanding of the neural correlates underlying this interaction and how best to intervene on Negative Urgency. To date, the literature implementing this type of model is sparse we believe, in part, due to the absence of an objective, behavioral, and translational model of Negative Urgency. We suggest that development of this model will allow for determination of prime neurological and physiological treatment targets, the testing of treatment effectiveness in the preclinical and the clinical laboratory, and, ultimately, improvement in Negative Urgency- related treatment response and effectiveness. In the current paper, we first review the literature on measurement of Negative Urgency and discuss limitations of current attempts to assess this trait in human models. Then, we review the limited research on animal models of Negative Urgency and make suggestions for some promising models and aspects to include in this work. Finally, we summarize the importance of translational models in the application of Negative Urgency to human treatment development and testing and make suggestions on necessary future work in this field. We suggest that future studies should seek to devise a translational model of Negative Urgency that is easily administered in both animals and human subjects. Given that Negative Urgency is a transdiagnostic risk factor that impedes treatment success, the impact of this work could be large in reducing client suffering and societal costs.
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Negative Urgency mood induction and alcohol seeking behaviors
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2016Co-Authors: Davis J Vanderveen, Martin H Plawecki, James B Millward, James Hays, David A Kareken, Sean Oconnor, Melissa A CydersAbstract:Abstract Background Negative Urgency, defined as impulsive risk-taking during extreme Negative emotional states, is the most important impulsivity-related trait for alcohol-related problems and alcohol dependence. However, how Negative Urgency imparts risk for alcohol-related problems is not yet well understood. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to examine how Negative Urgency relates to separable aspects of the emotional experience and alcohol-seeking behaviors. Methods A total of 34 (19 women) community-dwelling, alcohol-using adults aged 21–32 (mean age = 24.86, SD = 3.40, 74.3% Caucasian) completed two counterbalanced intravenous alcohol self-administration sessions: one during a neutral mood condition and one during a Negative mood condition. Results Negative Urgency was associated with 1) greater mood change following Negative mood induction (F = 4.38, df = 15, p = 0.002, η2 = 0.87), but was unrelated to changes in craving or cortisol release in response to mood induction; 2) greater alcohol craving prior to and after an alcohol prime (F = 3.27, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.86), but only in the Negative and not the neutral mood condition; and 3) higher peak BrAC (F = 2.13, df = 42, p = 0.02, η2 = 0.48), continuing to increase intoxication level over a longer period (F = 3.77, df = 42, p Conclusions These results highlight the importance of assessing behavioral indicators of Negative Urgency under mood condition, and suggest that Negative Urgency may amplify alcohol self-administration through increased Negative emotional reactivity to mood events and increased alcohol craving after initial alcohol exposure, leading to maintenance of alcohol related behavior.
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integrating affect and impulsivity the role of positive and Negative Urgency in substance use risk
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2016Co-Authors: Gregory T Smith, Melissa A CydersAbstract:Background The personality traits of positive and Negative Urgency refer to the tendencies to act rashly when experiencing unusually positive or Negative emotions, respectively.
Donald R Lynam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social rejection magnifies impulsive behavior among individuals with greater Negative Urgency an experimental test of Urgency theory
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 2017Co-Authors: David S Chester, Donald R Lynam, Richard Milich, Nathan C DewallAbstract:: Impulsivity is a multifaceted trait with substantial implications for human well-being. One facet of impulsivity is Negative Urgency, the tendency to act impulsively in response to Negative affect. Correlational evidence suggests that Negative affect magnifies impulsive behavior among individuals with greater Negative Urgency, yet causal evidence for this core pillar of Urgency theory is lacking. To fill this gap in the literature, participants (N = 363) were randomly assigned to experience social rejection (a situation shown to induce Negative affect) or acceptance. Participants then reported their subjective Negative affect, completed a behavioral measure of impulsivity, and reported their Negative Urgency. Among individuals with relatively high and average Negative Urgency, social rejection increased their impulsive behavior through greater experiences of Negative affect. These indirect effects were not observed among individuals relatively low in Negative Urgency. These findings suggest that Negative Urgency exists at the nexus of urgent dispositions and situations that elicit Negative affect, which offers novel support for Urgency theory. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Negative Urgency accounts for the association between borderline personality features and intimate partner violence in young men
Journal of Personality Disorders, 2017Co-Authors: Jessica R Peters, Karen J Derefinko, Donald R LynamAbstract:Many studies have demonstrated that borderline personality disorder (BPD) is associated with aggression and, in particular, intimate partner violence; however, the mechanisms underlying this association have been less clearly identified. The present study examines the hypothesis that Negative Urgency (impulsive behavior in response to intense, Negative emotions) may explain the specific association between BPD and intimate partner violence. Cross-sectional self-report measures of BPD, violent behavior, and multiple dimensions of impulsivity were administered to 193 undergraduate men. BPD profile scores were associated with both general violence behaviors and intimate partner violence; however, an indirect path via Negative Urgency existed only with intimate partner violence. No indirect paths from BPD scores were demonstrated via any other factors of impulsivity, although sensation seeking was an independent predictor of general violence. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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craving versus control Negative Urgency and neural correlates of alcohol cue reactivity
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2016Co-Authors: David S Chester, Donald R Lynam, Richard Milich, Nathan C DewallAbstract:Abstract Background Alcohol abuse is a common and costly practice. Individuals high in Negative Urgency, the tendency to act rashly when experiencing Negative emotions, are at particular risk for abusing alcohol. Alcohol abuse among individuals high in Negative Urgency may be due to (a) increased activity in the brain’s striatum, (b) decreased activity in brain regions associated with self-control, or (c) a combination of the two. Methods Thirty eight non-alcohol-dependent participants completed a measure of Negative Urgency and then underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while passively viewing pleasant and alcohol images. Results Alcohol images (as compared to pleasant images) were associated with activation in the caudate nucleus, a brain region associated with linking reward to external stimuli. Negative Urgency (above and beyond other facets of impulsivity) correlated positively with this caudate activation in response to alcohol images. Alcohol images and Negative Urgency were unassociated with activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, a self-regulatory brain region. Conclusions These findings provide initial support that the alcohol abuse observed among individuals high in Negative Urgency may be due, in part, to heightened reactivity in the striatum to alcohol. Investigating such neural contributors to self-regulation failure is crucial to reducing substance abuse.
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Craving versus control: Negative Urgency and neural correlates of alcohol cue reactivity.
Drug and alcohol dependence, 2016Co-Authors: David S Chester, Donald R Lynam, Richard Milich, C Nathan DewallAbstract:Alcohol abuse is a common and costly practice. Individuals high in Negative Urgency, the tendency to act rashly when experiencing Negative emotions, are at particular risk for abusing alcohol. Alcohol abuse among individuals high in Negative Urgency may be due to (a) increased activity in the brain's striatum, (b) decreased activity in brain regions associated with self-control, or (c) a combination of the two. Thirty eight non-alcohol-dependent participants completed a measure of Negative Urgency and then underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while passively viewing pleasant and alcohol images. Alcohol images (as compared to pleasant images) were associated with activation in the caudate nucleus, a brain region associated with linking reward to external stimuli. Negative Urgency (above and beyond other facets of impulsivity) correlated positively with this caudate activation in response to alcohol images. Alcohol images and Negative Urgency were unassociated with activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex, a self-regulatory brain region. These findings provide initial support that the alcohol abuse observed among individuals high in Negative Urgency may be due, in part, to heightened reactivity in the striatum to alcohol. Investigating such neural contributors to self-regulation failure is crucial to reducing substance abuse. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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how do Negative emotions impair self control a neural model of Negative Urgency
NeuroImage, 2016Co-Authors: David S Chester, Donald R Lynam, Richard Milich, David K Powell, Anders H Andersen, Nathan C DewallAbstract:Self-control often fails when people experience Negative emotions. Negative Urgency represents the dispositional tendency to experience such self-control failure in response to Negative affect. Neither the neural underpinnings of Negative Urgency nor the more general phenomenon of self-control failure in response to Negative emotions are fully understood. Previous theorizing suggests that an insufficient, inhibitory response from the prefrontal cortex may be the culprit behind such self-control failure. However, we entertained an alternative hypothesis: Negative emotions lead to self-control failure because they excessively tax inhibitory regions of the prefrontal cortex. Using fMRI, we compared the neural activity of people high in Negative Urgency with controls on an emotional, inhibitory Go/No-Go task. While experiencing Negative (but not positive or neutral) emotions, participants high in Negative Urgency showed greater recruitment of inhibitory brain regions than controls. Suggesting a compensatory function, inhibitory accuracy among participants high in Negative Urgency was associated with greater prefrontal recruitment. Greater activity in the anterior insula on Negatively-valenced, inhibitory trials predicted greater substance abuse one month and one year after the MRI scan among individuals high in Negative Urgency. These results suggest that, among people whose Negative emotions often lead to self-control failure, excessive reactivity of the brain's regulatory resources may be the culprit.
Adam M Leventhal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emotional disorder symptoms anhedonia and Negative Urgency as predictors of hedonic hunger in adolescents
Eating Behaviors, 2020Co-Authors: Tyler B Mason, Genevieve F Dunton, Ashley N Gearhardt, Adam M LeventhalAbstract:Abstract Affect and reward are associated with unhealthy eating and weight; however, less research has examined affective predictors of hedonic hunger (i.e., extreme reward responsivity, pleasure toward, and drive for food), particularly among adolescents. Whether symptoms indicative of emotional disturbance increase risk of adverse reward-based eating-related symptoms such as hedonic hunger, is unknown. Such evidence could explain why emotional problems increase risk of eating and weight problems among adolescents, when eating-related health problems often originate. This report examined baseline emotional disorder symptoms, Negative Urgency (i.e., tendency to act impulsively in response to Negative affect), and anhedonia (i.e., loss of interest in activities and decreased pleasure) as prospective predictors of increases in hedonic hunger in adolescents; associations between changes in emotional disturbance problems and hedonic hunger were also examined. Ninth-grade students (N = 2598) from high schools completed paper-and-pencil surveys at baseline and a 1-year follow-up. In a multivariable model controlling for the covariance of emotional problems, higher Negative Urgency, general anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and lower anhedonia at baseline independently predicted increases in hedonic hunger one year later. Also, increases in Negative Urgency, general anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and decreases in anhedonia independently predicted increases in hedonic hunger. Affect- and reward-related variables may be important contributors to risk of hedonic hunger in adolescence.
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Negative Urgency is associated with heightened Negative affect and urge during tobacco abstinence in regular smokers
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 2016Co-Authors: Annie D Park, Casey R Guillot, Raina D Pang, Layla N Farrahi, Claudia G Aguirre, Adam M LeventhalAbstract:Objective:Negative Urgency—the tendency to act rashly during Negative affective states—is a risk factor for regular cigarette smoking. This human laboratory study tested a novel theoretical model of the underlying mechanisms linking Negative Urgency and smoking motivation, which purports that smokers with high Negative Urgency are at increased susceptibility to abstinence-induced increases in Negative affect, which, in turn, provokes the urge to smoke to suppress Negative affect.Method:Smokers (N = 180, >10 cigarettes/day) attended a baseline session at which they completed self-report measures of Negative Urgency and other co-factors and subsequently attended two counterbalanced within-subject experimental sessions (i.e., 16 hours of smoking abstinence or smoking as usual). At both experimental sessions, self-reported tobacco withdrawal symptoms, affect, and smoking urge were assessed.Results:Negative Urgency was associated with larger abstinence-induced increases in tobacco withdrawal symptoms, Negative...
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depressive symptoms Negative Urgency and substance use initiation in adolescents
Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2014Co-Authors: Raina D Pang, Layla N Farrahi, Shannon Glazier, Steve Sussman, Adam M LeventhalAbstract:Background Studies show depressive symptoms are associated with substance use in adolescents, but the mechanism underlying this association is still unclear. This study investigated Negative Urgency – the disposition to rash action during emotional states – as a factor explaining relations between depressive symptoms and use of several substances.
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anxiety sensitivity and Negative Urgency a pathway to Negative reinforcement related smoking expectancies
Journal of Addiction Medicine, 2014Co-Authors: Casey R Guillot, Raina D Pang, Adam M LeventhalAbstract:Objectives—Anxiety sensitivity—fear of anxiety symptoms—may increase motivation to smoke by influencing the development of cognitive expectations regarding smoking’s Negative reinforcing effects; yet, the nature and mechanisms of this pathway are unclear. We hypothesized that relations between anxiety sensitivity and Negative reinforcement-related smoking expectancies would be mediated by Negative Urgency, i.e., a trait tendency to act impulsively during Negative affect. Methods—In a cross-sectional design, we administered self-report measures of anxiety sensitivity, Negative Urgency, and Negative reinforcement-related smoking outcome and abstinence expectancies to 205 smokers (≥10 cig/day, 34% female, M age = 44.4 years). Results—Anxiety sensitivity was associated with stronger expectancies that smoking alleviates Negative affect (β = .30, p < .0001) and smoking abstinence exacerbates aversive withdrawal symptoms (β = .24, p = .0004). Negative Urgency partially mediated the relation between anxiety sensitivity and both types of Negative reinforcement-related smoking expectancies (βs ≥ .057, ps ≤ .007). Results remained significant after statistically controlling for anxiety and nicotine dependence symptoms. Conclusions—Smokers high in anxiety sensitivity tend to display Negative Urgency, which in turn is related to greater expectations of Negative reinforcement consequences of smoking and smoking abstinence. Treatments which mitigate fear of anxiety symptoms and the tendency to act impulsively in response to Negative affect (e.g., interoceptive exposure, distress tolerance skills training, and mindfulness training) may be particularly useful in assisting with smoking cessation for high-anxiety sensitivity smokers.
Michael D Anestis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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internal battles examining how anger hostility moderate the association between Negative Urgency and suicidal desire variables in military and civilian samples
Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 2020Co-Authors: Rachel L Martin, Michael D Anestis, Brian W Bauer, Nicole S Smith, Samantha E Daruwala, Bradley A Green, Daniel W CapronAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Suicide is consistently within the top ten leading causes of death in the United States. The suicide rate of National Guard personnel is elevated relative to the general population; however, research suggests that many of the suicide risk factors for military personnel are similar to the suicide risk factors for civilians. We examined whether Negative Urgency moderated the relationships between anger/hostility and perceived burdensomeness/thwarted belongingness in both a military and civilian samples. METHOD: There were two samples in the current study: (1) military personnel (majority national guard) and (2) community members oversampled for suicide attempt history. RESULTS: Our hypotheses were partially supported with the interaction of hostility and Negative Urgency predicting perceived burdensomeness in the military sample. Within civilians, anger interacted with Negative Urgency to predict perceived burdensomeness. There were nonsignificant findings for analyses predicting thwarted belongingness. Exploratory analyses indicated that in both samples, anger and hostility interacted with Negative Urgency to predict suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that aggressive attributes may contribute to individuals feeling as though they are a burden on others when moderate to high levels of Negative Urgency are present. Additionally, this study provides foundational support for the differences between suicidal desire and ideation.
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Internal Battles: Examining How Anger/Hostility Moderate the Association Between Negative Urgency and Suicidal Desire Variables in Military and Civilian Samples
Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 2020Co-Authors: Rachel L Martin, Michael D Anestis, Brian W Bauer, Nicole S Smith, Samantha E Daruwala, Bradley A Green, Daniel W CapronAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Suicide is consistently within the top ten leading causes of death in the United States. The suicide rate of National Guard personnel is elevated relative to the general population; however, research suggests that many of the suicide risk factors for military personnel are similar to the suicide risk factors for civilians. We examined whether Negative Urgency moderated the relationships between anger/hostility and perceived burdensomeness/thwarted belongingness in both a military and civilian samples. METHOD: There were two samples in the current study: (1) military personnel (majority national guard) and (2) community members oversampled for suicide attempt history. RESULTS: Our hypotheses were partially supported with the interaction of hostility and Negative Urgency predicting perceived burdensomeness in the military sample. Within civilians, anger interacted with Negative Urgency to predict perceived burdensomeness. There were nonsignificant findings for analyses predicting thwarted belongingness. Exploratory analyses indicated that in both samples, anger and hostility interacted with Negative Urgency to predict suicidal ideation. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that aggressive attributes may contribute to individuals feeling as though they are a burden on others when moderate to high levels of Negative Urgency are present. Additionally, this study provides foundational support for the differences between suicidal desire and ideation.
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Negative affect Negative Urgency thought suppression and bulimic symptoms a moderated mediation analysis in a sample at risk for bulimic symptoms
European Eating Disorders Review, 2015Co-Authors: Jason M Lavender, Michael D Anestis, Daniel Green, Matthew T Tull, Kim L GratzAbstract:Research suggests that Negative affect, Negative Urgency, and thought suppression are related to bulimic symptoms, either directly or indirectly. This study examined associations between these constructs in a sample at-risk for bulimic symptoms. Participants (N = 80) recruited from a residential substance abuse treatment facility completed self-report questionnaires. A regression-based bootstrapping approach was used to examine the indirect effect of Negative affect on bulimic symptoms through Negative Urgency and the moderating role of thought suppression in the association between Negative affect and Negative Urgency. Results revealed a significant indirect effect, significant moderation, and a significant moderated mediation effect, with an indirect effect of Negative affect on bulimic symptoms through Negative Urgency, conditional upon low to moderate (but not high) levels of thought suppression. These findings suggest that Negative affect may promote rash actions, particularly in the context of low to moderate thought suppression, leading to increased risk of bulimic symptoms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
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re considering the association between Negative Urgency and suicidality
Personality and Mental Health, 2012Co-Authors: Michael D Anestis, Erin L Fink, Theodore W Bender, Edward A Selby, April R Smith, Tracy K Witte, Thomas E JoinerAbstract:Prior research has reported that Negative Urgency was positively associated with both the acquired capability for suicide and lifetime number of suicide attempts. Given the range of outcomes associated with Negative Urgency, we hypothesized that that prior work linking Negative Urgency both suicidal behavior and the acquired capability for suicide might be better accounted for by dysregulated behaviours. Results supported our hypotheses, as the addition of dysregulated behaviours, many of which could be considered painful and/or provocative, reduced those relationships to non-significance. These findings indicate that specific behaviours rather than Negative Urgency itself increase risk for the acquired capability or suicidal behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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examining the role of emotion in suicidality Negative Urgency as an amplifier of the relationship between components of the interpersonal psychological theory of suicidal behavior and lifetime number of suicide attempts
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2011Co-Authors: Michael D Anestis, Thomas E JoinerAbstract:Abstract Joiner's (2005) interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior posits that an individual must exhibit elevations on three variables – perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and the acquired capability for suicide – in order to enact lethal self-harm. Thus far, however, no research has examined the role of emotion in this process or whether the interaction of these three variables is more problematic for certain populations than for others. We sought to address these voids by examining the role of Negative Urgency as an amplifier of the relationship between the components of the theory and lifetime number of suicide attempts. Results indicated that the four-way interaction of Negative Urgency and the three components of the theory predicted lifetime number of suicide attempts, controlling for depression symptoms and sex. Additionally, the three-way interaction of the theory components significantly predicted lifetime number of suicide attempts in the full sample. Furthermore, for individuals with Negative Urgency scores at or above the median, the three-way interaction of the theory components significantly predicted lifetime number of suicide attempts whereas, for individuals with Negative Urgency scores below the median, the interaction was non-significant. These findings indicate that, although elevations on the three components of the theory may be dangerous for anyone, this is particularly true for individuals exhibiting high levels of Negative Urgency, as they might be more likely to quickly develop suicidal ideation and resort to painful self-harming behaviors while experiencing Negative affective states.
Thomas E Joiner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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re considering the association between Negative Urgency and suicidality
Personality and Mental Health, 2012Co-Authors: Michael D Anestis, Erin L Fink, Theodore W Bender, Edward A Selby, April R Smith, Tracy K Witte, Thomas E JoinerAbstract:Prior research has reported that Negative Urgency was positively associated with both the acquired capability for suicide and lifetime number of suicide attempts. Given the range of outcomes associated with Negative Urgency, we hypothesized that that prior work linking Negative Urgency both suicidal behavior and the acquired capability for suicide might be better accounted for by dysregulated behaviours. Results supported our hypotheses, as the addition of dysregulated behaviours, many of which could be considered painful and/or provocative, reduced those relationships to non-significance. These findings indicate that specific behaviours rather than Negative Urgency itself increase risk for the acquired capability or suicidal behaviour. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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examining the role of emotion in suicidality Negative Urgency as an amplifier of the relationship between components of the interpersonal psychological theory of suicidal behavior and lifetime number of suicide attempts
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2011Co-Authors: Michael D Anestis, Thomas E JoinerAbstract:Abstract Joiner's (2005) interpersonal–psychological theory of suicidal behavior posits that an individual must exhibit elevations on three variables – perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and the acquired capability for suicide – in order to enact lethal self-harm. Thus far, however, no research has examined the role of emotion in this process or whether the interaction of these three variables is more problematic for certain populations than for others. We sought to address these voids by examining the role of Negative Urgency as an amplifier of the relationship between the components of the theory and lifetime number of suicide attempts. Results indicated that the four-way interaction of Negative Urgency and the three components of the theory predicted lifetime number of suicide attempts, controlling for depression symptoms and sex. Additionally, the three-way interaction of the theory components significantly predicted lifetime number of suicide attempts in the full sample. Furthermore, for individuals with Negative Urgency scores at or above the median, the three-way interaction of the theory components significantly predicted lifetime number of suicide attempts whereas, for individuals with Negative Urgency scores below the median, the interaction was non-significant. These findings indicate that, although elevations on the three components of the theory may be dangerous for anyone, this is particularly true for individuals exhibiting high levels of Negative Urgency, as they might be more likely to quickly develop suicidal ideation and resort to painful self-harming behaviors while experiencing Negative affective states.
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Negative Urgency fully mediates the relationship between alexithymia and dysregulated behaviours
Personality and Mental Health, 2010Co-Authors: Erin L Fink, Michael D Anestis, Edward A Selby, Thomas E JoinerAbstract:Previous research documents a relationship between alexithymia and dysregulated behaviours, but fails to explore mechanisms that may account for this relationship. The current study sought to determine whether Negative Urgency would mediate the relationship between alexithymia and dysregulated behaviours. We hypothesized that positive relationships would exist among alexithymia, Negative Urgency and dysregulated behaviours. We also hypothesized that Negative Urgency would mediate the relationship between alexithymia and dysregulated behaviour. Results indicated that positive correlations exist between alexithymia, Negative Urgency and dysregulated behaviours. Additionally, our hypothesis that Negative Urgency would mediate the relationship between alexithymia and dysregulated behaviour was supported. The results suggest that Negative Urgency may be responsible for dysregulated behaviours that are observed in those who score high on alexithymia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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affective considerations in antisocial behavior an examination of Negative Urgency in primary and secondary psychopathy
Personality and Individual Differences, 2009Co-Authors: Michael D Anestis, Joye C Anestis, Thomas E JoinerAbstract:Prior work on psychopathy has indicated a two-factor model consisting of callous and unemotional personality traits (primary psychopathy) and impulsive, destructive behaviors (secondary psychopathy; e.g., Levenson, Kiehl, & Fitzpatrick, 1995). We sought to examine the relationship between both primary and secondary psychopathy and Negative Urgency in a sample of undergraduates (n = 156) in order to elucidate emotional components in psychopathy and clarify a previous finding contradictory to our hypotheses (Miller, Flory, Lynam, & Leukefeld, 2003). Results supported our hypotheses. Negative Urgency predicted secondary psychopathy. The correlation between Negative Urgency and secondary psychopathy was significantly higher than the correlation between Negative Urgency and primary psychopathy. These findings indicate that Negative Urgency may serve as a robust correlate of secondary psychopathy, and that it may be pivotal to separate components of psychopathy when considering potential relationships to affect-relevant variables.
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Dysregulated Eating and Distress: Examining the Specific Role of Negative Urgency in a Clinical Sample
Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2009Co-Authors: Michael D Anestis, Erin L Fink, April R Smith, Thomas E JoinerAbstract:Many theories exist regarding dysregulated eating behaviors such as bingeing and purging. Recent research has provided consistent and compelling evidence supportive of theories that favor an emotion regulatory model (Smyth et al. J Consult Clin Psychol 75:629–638, 2007). Specifically, these theories posit that individuals engage in dysregulated eating behaviors in a maladaptive attempt to alleviate Negative affect. Along these lines, several studies have reported that Negative Urgency, the tendency to act rashly in an attempt to immediately reduce feelings of Negative affect (Whiteside and Lynam Pers Individ Dif 30:669–689, 2001), is a particularly important variable in this process (Anestis et al. Behav Res Ther 45:3018–3029, 2007; Fischer et al. Int J Eat Disord 33:406–411, 2003). In this study, we sought to expand upon prior research by testing the relationship between Negative Urgency and EDI-Bulimia in a clinical sample ( N = 130) when controlling for an extensive list of relevant covariates, including additional components of impulsivity. Results supported our hypotheses. These findings indicate that the previously reported relationship between Negative Urgency and dysregulated eating behaviors remains significant in a clinical setting, even when controlling a more extensive list of impulsivity related variables than has been utilized in prior research. As such, this study has potentially important clinical implications.
