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Barbara J Rolls - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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potential moderators of the Portion Size effect
Physiology & Behavior, 2019Co-Authors: Faris M Zuraikat, Alissa D Smethers, Barbara J RollsAbstract:Abstract Aim The robust effect of Portion Size on intake has led to growing interest in why individuals consume more food when served larger Portions. A number of explanations have been proposed, and this review aims to provide insight into potential underlying factors by summarizing recent studies testing moderators of the Portion Size effect. Summary of findings Provision of Portion Size information, such as through labeling or training in Portion control, failed to attenuate food intake in response to increasing meal Size. This indicates that a lack of knowledge about appropriate Portions may not be sufficient to explain the Portion Size effect. In contrast, there is evidence for a role of decision making in the response to large Portions, with value being one consideration of importance. The Portion Size effect may be more closely related to the inherent value of food than monetary value, since provision of the opportunity to take away uneaten food after a meal, which can reduce food waste, attenuated the Portion Size effect but variations in pricing did not. A number of studies also support an influence of orosensory processing on the Portion Size effect; large Portions have been shown to relate to increased bite Size and faster eating rate. Reduced oral processing time when consuming large Portions could contribute to the effect by delaying sensory-specific satiety. Findings from a recent study supported this by demonstrating that sensory-specific satiety did not differ between larger and smaller Portions despite substantial differences in intake. Conclusions A number of moderators of the Portion Size effect have been identified, including factors related to the environment, the food, and the individual. It is likely that multiple variables contribute to the response to large Portions. Future research should aim to determine the relative contribution of explanatory variables across different contexts and individuals.
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Does the cost of a meal influence the Portion Size effect
Appetite, 2018Co-Authors: Faris M Zuraikat, Alissa D Smethers, Levi W. Reihart, Barbara J RollsAbstract:Abstract Serving larger Portions leads to increased intake, but little is known about how the cost of a meal affects this response. Therefore, we tested whether the amount of money paid for a meal influenced the Portion Size effect at a lunch served in a controlled restaurant-style setting. In a crossover design, 79 adults (55 women; 24 men) came to the lab once a week for 4 weeks to eat a main dish of pasta with side dishes. Across weeks, the meal was varied in two factors: Portion Size of the main dish (400 g or 600 g) and cost of the meal (US$8 or $16). At discharge subjects completed questionnaires that assessed behaviors thought to influence the response to Portion Size and cost. Results showed that the Portion Size of the main dish had a significant effect on meal intake (P 0.37) nor did meal cost have significant effects on meal intake (both P > 0.24). Subject scores for satiety responsiveness did, however, influence the effect of Portion Size on food intake (P = 0.0007). Serving larger Portions led to increased intake in subjects with lower satiety responsiveness scores (P
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double trouble Portion Size and energy density combine to increase preschool children s lunch intake
Physiology & Behavior, 2016Co-Authors: Samantha M R Kling, Kathleen L Keller, Barbara J RollsAbstract:Abstract Background Both Portion Size and energy density (ED) have substantial effects on intake; however, their combined effects on preschool children's intake have not been examined when multiple foods are varied at a meal. Objective We tested the effects on intake of varying the Portion Size and ED of lunches served to children in their usual eating environment. Design In a crossover design, lunch was served in 3 childcare centers once a week for 6 weeks to 120 children aged 3–5 y. Across the 6 meals, all items were served at 3 levels of Portion Size (100%, 150%, or 200%) and 2 levels of ED (100% or 142%). The lunch menu had either lower-ED or higher-ED versions of chicken, macaroni and cheese, vegetables, applesauce, ketchup, and milk. Children's ratings of the foods indicated that the lower-ED and higher-ED meals were similarly well liked. Results The total weight of food and milk consumed at meals was increased by serving larger Portions (P Conclusion Strategically moderating the Portion Size and ED of foods typically consumed by children could substantially reduce their energy intake without affecting acceptability.
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assessment of satiety depends on the energy density and Portion Size of the test meal
Obesity, 2014Co-Authors: Rachel A Williams, Barbara J RollsAbstract:Objective Foods that enhance satiety can reduce overconsumption, but the availability of large Portions of energy-dense foods may counter their benefits. The influence on meal energy intake of varying the energy density and Portion Size of food consumed after a preload shown to promote satiety was tested. Design and Methods In a crossover design, 46 women were served lunch on six days. On four days they ate a compulsory salad (300 g, 0.33 kcal/g). Unlike previous studies, instead of varying the preload, the subsequent test meal of pasta was varied between standard and increased levels of both energy density (1.25 or 1.66 kcal/g) and Portion Size (450 or 600 g). On two control days a salad was not served. Results Following the salad, the energy density and Portion Size of the test meal independently affected meal energy intake (both P < 0.02). Serving the higher-energy-dense pasta increased test meal intake by 153 ± 19 kcal and serving the larger Portion of pasta increased test meal intake by 40 ± 16 kcal. Compared to having no salad, consuming the salad decreased test meal intake by 123 ± 18 kcal. Conclusions The effect of satiety-enhancing foods can be influenced by the energy density and Portion Size of other foods at the meal.
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eating vegetables first the use of Portion Size to increase vegetable intake in preschool children
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010Co-Authors: Maureen K Spill, Leann L. Birch, Barbara J RollsAbstract:Background: Serving larger Portions of low-energy-dense vegetables at a meal could have beneficial effects on children’s food and energy intakes. Objective: We investigated whether increasing the Portion Size of vegetables served at the start of a meal leads to increased vegetable consumption and decreased meal energy intake in children. Design: In a crossover design, 3- to 5-y-old children in a daycare center were served a test lunch once a week for 4 wk (n = 51). In 3 of the meals, a first course of raw carrots varied in Portion Size (30, 60, or 90 g), and no first course was served in the control meal. Children consumed the first course ad libitum over 10 min and then were served a main course of pasta, broccoli, applesauce, and milk, which was also consumed ad libitum. Results: Total vegetable consumption at the meal increased as the Portion Size of carrots increased (P , 0.0001). Doubling the Portion Size of the first course increased carrot consumption by 47%, or 12 6 2g( P , 0.0001). Tripling the Portion Size of carrots, however, did not lead to a further increase in intake (P = 0.61). Meal energy intake was not significantly affected by the amount of carrots served in the first course. The effect of Portion Size on intake was not significantly influenced by the children’s age or body weight status. Conclusion: Increasing the Portion Size of a vegetable served as a first course can be an effective strategy for increasing vegetable consumption in preschool children. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91: 1237‐43.
Tanja V E Kral - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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variability in children s eating response to Portion Size a biobehavioral perspective
Appetite, 2015Co-Authors: Tanja V E Kral, Marion M HetheringtonAbstract:The Portion Size of foods and beverages offered at meals has been shown to significantly affect human food intake. While Portion Size effects appear to be fairly robust across studies in adults, findings from studies in children are generally more variable and do not reliably predict a significant Portion Size effect. Eating behaviors are still forming at a young age and individual differences in children's response to Portion Size will depend upon genetic predisposition interacting with the child's environment. The aim of this review is to present and discuss evidence that innate controls of appetite and eating, which involve genes that encode key hormones and neuropeptides implicated in processes of satiety and satiation, may differentially affect meal Size. We also present evidence that children's response to Portion Size is learned and this is in turn shaped by upbringing, the early family and home environment. The review will conclude with a conceptual model that illustrates how biological and environmental factors may interact to shape child eating traits including a behavioral susceptibility to overeating when large Portion Sizes are available.
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effects of doubling the Portion Size of fruit and vegetable side dishes on children s intake at a meal
Obesity, 2010Co-Authors: Tanja V E Kral, April C Kabay, Barbara J RollsAbstract:Increasing the Portion Size of energy-dense entrees has been shown to increase children's energy intake during a meal. It remains to be investigated whether serving larger Portions to children can be used to promote intake of more healthful foods, such as fruits and vegetables (F&V). The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of increasing the Portion Size of F&V side dishes on children's intake. Forty-three children (22 boys, 21 girls), aged 5–6 years, were served dinner once a week for 2 weeks. Each dinner consisted of pasta with tomato sauce, three F&V side dishes (broccoli, carrots, and applesauce), and milk. The Portion Size of the F&V was doubled between experimental conditions whereas the Size of the pasta remained constant. Doubling the Portion Size of the side dishes resulted in a 43% increase in children's intake of the fruit side dish (P = 0.001), but did not affect children's intake of the two vegetable side dishes (P > 0.60). Further, when the Portion Size of F&V side dishes was doubled, children ate significantly less of the pasta (P = 0.04). The difference in meal energy intake between Portion Size conditions (19.5 ± 16.3 kcal) was not significant (P = 0.24). Although more studies are needed to understand whether increases in Portion Size can influence vegetable intake, children did eat more in response to a large quantity of a preferred low energy-dense fruit side dish at meals. Thus variations in Portion Size can be used strategically to help children achieve the recommended intake of fruits.
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super Size me Portion Size effects on young children s eating
Physiology & Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Tanja V E Kral, Jennifer O FisherAbstract:Large Portions of energy-dense foods are believed to favor obesity-promoting eating behaviors in young children. The following review presents evidence on food Portion Size effects on children's eating behavior and eating regulation, with comparison of findings to adult studies of Portion Size. Individual differences in children's susceptibility to Portion Size, particularly associations with weight status, are addressed. Finally, potential mechanisms of effects and strategies to offset the intake promoting effects of Portion Size are considered.
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effects on hunger and satiety perceived Portion Size and pleasantness of taste of varying the Portion Size of foods a brief review of selected studies
Appetite, 2006Co-Authors: Tanja V E KralAbstract:The Portion Size of foods has been identified as an important environmental factor known to affect short-term energy intake. Experiments that were conducted both in the free-living environment and in laboratory-based settings to investigate the effects of Portion Size on energy intake unanimously showed that as the Portion Size of food increased, so did subjects' energy intake. Despite the fact that the profound effects of Portion Size on energy intake are well documented, the mechanisms by which Portion Size affects energy intake are poorly understood. There is some evidence that sensory influences (e.g. visual and olfactory cues), cognitive factors (e.g. learning, social norms, monetary considerations), and post-ingestive consequences (e.g. sensations of hunger and fullness) related to the Portion Size of foods may interact to affect the amount of food that is consumed during a meal.
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energy density and Portion Size their independent and combined effects on energy intake
Physiology & Behavior, 2004Co-Authors: Tanja V E Kral, Barbara J RollsAbstract:The energy density (kcal/g) and the Portion Size (g) of foods have been identified as two properties of foods that can modulate energy intake. Recent studies have shown that when either the energy density or the Portion Size of foods is increased, energy intake increases. Within a meal, when both factors are increased simultaneously, their effects are independent and add together to increase energy intake. On the other hand, reducing the energy density of a first course, while increasing the volume that is consumed, leads to a decrease in energy intake at the entire meal. The mechanisms by which both factors exert their influence are not well understood but likely include cognitive and orosensory factors as well as physiological controls related to gastric distention and gastric emptying. Findings from studies in this area of research provide evidence that the energy density and the Portion Size of foods are important determinants of energy intake. An environment in which the food supply is ample and large Portions of energy-dense foods are readily available to consumers can contribute to an overconsumption of calories.
Jennifer O Fisher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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right sizing prevention food Portion Size effects on children s eating and weight
Appetite, 2015Co-Authors: Leann L. Birch, Jennifer S Savage, Jennifer O FisherAbstract:Abstract Experimental findings provide consistent evidence that increasing the Portion Size of palatable, energy dense entrees relative to an age appropriate reference Portion increases children's energy intake of the entree and the meal. Most of these studies have been conducted on preschool aged children between 2 and 6 years of age, in childcare or laboratory settings, using repeated measures designs. In these studies, children's intake is compared across a series of meals, where the Size of the entree Portion is varied and other aspects of the meal, including the Portion Size of other items on the menu, are held constant. This paper provides an overview of what we know from this research, what is not known about the effects of Portion Size on children's intake and weight status, and points to some of the important unanswered questions and gaps in the literature. Lastly, we discuss how individual characteristics may make someone more or less susceptible to large Portions of foods and how the palatability of foods may moderate observed associations among Portion Size, children's intake, and weight status. Future studies that address the gaps identified in this paper are needed to inform policy and to develop effective and efficient interventions to prevent childhood obesity.
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Forefronts in Portion Size. An overview and synthesis of a roundtable discussion
Appetite, 2014Co-Authors: Jennifer O Fisher, Michael I. Goran, S. Rowe, Marion M HetheringtonAbstract:Establishing eating habits in early life that include appropriate Portion Sizes of foods which are nutrient dense and low in energy density is considered important in the prevention of obesity in children. This special supplement presents the proceedings of a symposium focusing on advances in scientific understanding of the development of healthy food Portion Sizes in children and their families. Recent basic research highlights individual differences in children's responsiveness to Portion Size as well as potential mechanisms of Portion Size effects. Quantitative approaches highlight the influence of maternal serving in determining intake, while qualitative approaches seek to elaborate caregiver decisions around child Portion Sizes at meals and snacks. Family-based environmental interventions for child weight control involving food Portion Size are outlined. An overview of the overarching issues and roundtable discussion on the forefronts of Portion Size research are presented as well as policy considerations to promote healthy Portion control.
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mechanisms behind the Portion Size effect visibility and bite Size
Obesity, 2011Co-Authors: Kyle S Burger, Jennifer O Fisher, Susan L JohnsonAbstract:Increases in Portion Size lead to increases in energy intake, yet the mechanisms behind this “Portion Size effect” are unclear. This study tested possible mechanisms of the Portion Size effect, i.e., bite Size and visual cues. A 2 × 2 repeated measures, within-subject design was used to test the effects of Portion Size (410 g vs. 820 g of a pasta dish) and visual cues (blindfolded vs. visible) on energy intake in 30 individuals (15 men, 15 women). At each meal participants were exposed to one of four experimental conditions (small Portion/visible; small Portion/blindfold; large Portion/visible; large Portion/blindfold). Participant characteristics, food intake, number of bites, meal duration, palatability measures and hunger and fullness were assessed. In response to a doubling of the Portion presented, entree energy intake increased 26% (220 kcal; P < 0.001) and mean bite Size increased 2.4 g/bite (P < 0.05). Overweight (OW) individuals consumed 40% (334 kcal) more of the entree in response to the large Portion condition (P < 0.05), while lean individuals' intakes did not differ (P < 0.56). A 12% (122 kcal) decrease in entree intake was observed in the blindfolded condition (P < 0.01), but no Portion by visual cue interaction was found; indicating that blindfolding did not significantly attenuate the Portion Size effect. These data suggest that the Portion Size effect is not impacted by removing the visual cue of food and that this effect occurs via changes in bite Size in adults.
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super Size me Portion Size effects on young children s eating
Physiology & Behavior, 2008Co-Authors: Tanja V E Kral, Jennifer O FisherAbstract:Large Portions of energy-dense foods are believed to favor obesity-promoting eating behaviors in young children. The following review presents evidence on food Portion Size effects on children's eating behavior and eating regulation, with comparison of findings to adult studies of Portion Size. Individual differences in children's susceptibility to Portion Size, particularly associations with weight status, are addressed. Finally, potential mechanisms of effects and strategies to offset the intake promoting effects of Portion Size are considered.
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Effects of Portion Size and energy density on young children's intake at a meal
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007Co-Authors: Jennifer O Fisher, Leann L. Birch, Barbara J RollsAbstract:BACKGROUND: Large Portions of energy-dense foods are one feature of obesity-promoting dietary environments. Entree Portion Size has been shown to influence energy intake at meals by young children. The role of energy density (ED) in children's response to Portion Size, however, is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to test the effects of Portion Size and ED on children's food and energy intakes at a meal. DESIGN: Participants were 53 (28 girls and 25 boys; 15 Hispanic, 20 black, 16 white, 2 other race) 5- to 6-y-old children [mean (+/-SD) body mass index percentile: = 61 +/- 28]. A 2 x 2 within-subjects design was used to manipulate entree Portion Size (250 compared with 500 g) and ED (1.3 compared with 1.8 kcal/g). Fixed Portions of other familiar foods were provided. Weighed intake, food preference, and weight and height data were obtained. RESULTS: Effects of Portion Size (P
Emma Foster - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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developing an interactive Portion Size assessment system ipsas for use with children
Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 2014Co-Authors: Emma Foster, Adrian Hawkins, Emma Simpson, Ashley J. AdamsonAbstract:: Novel methods of assessing dietary intake are required to reduce the participant burden in dietary surveys, improve participation rates and thereby improve the representativeness of the sample and minimise the impact of measuring dietary intake on a subject's food intake during the recording period. One method of reducing the burden placed on participants in recording dietary intake is to replace weighing of foods with estimation of Portion Size using tools such as food photographs. The interactive Portion Size assessment system (IPSAS) is an interactive Portion Size assessment system for use in assessing Portion Sizes of foods consumed by children aged 18 months to 16 years. The system is computer-based and is designed to be administered during an interview for a food diary or 24-h recall. The Portion Sizes depicted are age-specific and based on the weights of foods served to children during the UK National Diet and Nutrition Surveys. The system displays digital images of food used to estimate the amount of each food served to the child and the amount of any food left over. Foods are categorised within the system using a three-tier structure. Twenty-seven food group icons are used with two further drop-down menus to select first the food group, then the food category and, finally, the actual food product. Each food is linked to UK food composition codes and all photographs are linked to the weight of the food depicted. Nutritional output is via a companion database. The present study describes the development of the IPSAS and the structure of the system.
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estimation of Portion Size in children s dietary assessment lessons learnt
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Emma Foster, Ashley J. Adamson, A S Anderson, K L Barton, W L WriedenAbstract:Background/Objectives: Assessing the dietary intake of young children is challenging. In any 1 day, children may have several carers responsible for providing them with their dietary requirements, and once children reach school age, traditional methods such as weighing all items consumed become impractical. As an alternative to weighed records, food Portion Size assessment tools are available to assist subjects in estimating the amounts of foods consumed. Existing food photographs designed for use with adults and based on adult Portion Sizes have been found to be inappropriate for use with children. This article presents a review and summary of a body of work carried out to improve the estimation of Portion Sizes consumed by children. Methods: Feasibility work was undertaken to determine the accuracy and precision of three Portion Size assessment tools; food photographs, food models and a computer-based Interactive Portion Size Assessment System (IPSAS). These tools were based on Portion Sizes served to children during the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. As children often do not consume all of the food served to them, smaller Portions were included in each tool for estimation of leftovers. The tools covered 22 foods, which children commonly consume. Children were served known amounts of each food and leftovers were recorded. They were then asked to estimate both the amount of food that they were served and the amount of any food leftover. Results: Children were found to estimate food Portion Size with an accuracy approaching that of adults using both the food photographs and IPSAS. Conclusions: Further development is underway to increase the number of food photographs and to develop IPSAS to cover a much wider range of foods and to validate the use of these tools in a ’real life’ setting. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, S45–S49; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.64
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children s estimates of food Portion Size the development and evaluation of three Portion Size assessment tools for use with children
British Journal of Nutrition, 2008Co-Authors: Emma Foster, John N. S. Matthews, John C. Mathers, Michael L. Nelson, Karen L. Barton, Wendy L. Wrieden, J L Lloyd, Lindsay Marshall, Piers L Cornelissen, Julie M HarrisAbstract:A number of methods have been developed to assist subjects in providing an estimate of Portion Size but their application in improving Portion Size estimation by children has not been investigated systematically. The aim was to develop Portion Size assessment tools for use with children and to assess the accuracy of children’s estimates of Portion Size using the tools. The tools were food photographs, food models and an interactive Portion Size assessment system (IPSAS). Children (n 201), aged 4– 16 years, were supplied with known quantities of food to eat, in school. Food leftovers were weighed. Children estimated the amount of each food using each tool, 24 h after consuming the food. The age-specific Portion Sizes represented were based on Portion Sizes consumed by children in a national survey. Significant differences were found between the accuracy of estimates using the three tools. Children of all ages performed well using the IPSAS and food photographs. The accuracy and precision of estimates made using the food models were poor. For all tools, estimates of the amount of food served were more accurate than estimates of the amount consumed. Issues relating to reporting of foods left over which impact on estimates of the amounts of foods actually consumed require further study. The IPSAS has shown potential for assessment of dietary intake with children. Before practical application in assessment of dietary intake of children the tool would need to be expanded to cover a wider range of foods and to be validated in a ‘real-life’ situation. Portion Size estimation: Food photographs: Interactive Portion Size assessment system: Children
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Children's estimates of food Portion Size: the effect of timing of dietary interview on the accuracy of children's Portion Size estimates.
British Journal of Nutrition, 2007Co-Authors: Emma Foster, Marilyn O'keeffe, John N. S. Matthews, John C. Mathers, Michael L. Nelson, Karen L. Barton, Wendy L. Wrieden, Ashley J. AdamsonAbstract:For food intakes to be converted into nutrient intakes a measure or estimate of the amount of food consumed is required. A number of methods have been developed to assist subjects in providing an estimate of Portion Size. Children’s ability to use perception, conceptualisation and memory skills to estimate food Portion Size has not been investigated systematically. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of the timing of a dietary interview on the accuracy of estimates of food Portion Sizes made by children, using food photographs, food models and an interactive Portion Size assessment system, developed for use with children and based on Portion Sizes of foods consumed by children. Children (n 108) aged 4– 14 years were supplied with known quantities of foods and asked to estimate the Portion Size of each food using each of the three Portion Size assessment tools. Interviews took place (a) with the food in view, (b) just after the child had eaten the food or (c) 24 h after the child had eaten the food. There were no significant differences in children’s ability to estimate food Portion Size (either as served or as eaten) with timing of interview. That is, children were as accurate in their estimates of Portion Size 24 h after consuming the food as when the food was in view. Under these conditions many children were able to estimate food Portion Size utilising perception, conceptualisation and memory skills. Portion Size estimation: Children: Interview timing
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accuracy of estimates of food Portion Size using food photographs the importance of using age appropriate tools
Public Health Nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: Emma Foster, John C. Mathers, Julie M Harris, J N S Matthews, Michael Nelson, Ashley J. AdamsonAbstract:Background In order to obtain a measure of nutrient intake, a measure or estimate of the amount of food consumed is required. Weighing foods imposes a large burden on subjects, often resulting in underreporting. Tools are available to assist subjects in providing an estimate of Portion Size and these include food photographs. The application of these tools in improving Portion Size estimation by children has not been investigated systematically. Objectives To assess the accuracy with which children are able to estimate food Portion Sizes using food photographs designed for use with adults, and to determine whether the accuracy of estimates is improved when age-appropriate Portion Size photographs are provided. Design Original data from three separate studies, on the accuracy of Portion Size estimates by adults using food photographs, by children using adult photographs and by children using age-appropriate photographs, are analysed and compared. Subjects One hundred and thirty-five adults aged 18 to 90 years and 210 children aged 4 to 11 years. Results Children's estimates of Portion Sizes using age-appropriate food photographs were significantly more accurate (an underestimate of 1% on average) than estimates using photographs designed for use with adults (an overestimate of 45% on average). Accuracy of children's estimates of Portion Size using age-appropriate photographs was not significantly different from that of adults. Children overestimated a food's weight by 18% on average and adults underestimated by 5%. Conclusions Providing children with food photographs depicting age-appropriate Portion Sizes greatly increases the accuracy of Portion Size estimates compared with estimates using photographs designed for use with adults.
Ashley J. Adamson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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developing an interactive Portion Size assessment system ipsas for use with children
Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 2014Co-Authors: Emma Foster, Adrian Hawkins, Emma Simpson, Ashley J. AdamsonAbstract:: Novel methods of assessing dietary intake are required to reduce the participant burden in dietary surveys, improve participation rates and thereby improve the representativeness of the sample and minimise the impact of measuring dietary intake on a subject's food intake during the recording period. One method of reducing the burden placed on participants in recording dietary intake is to replace weighing of foods with estimation of Portion Size using tools such as food photographs. The interactive Portion Size assessment system (IPSAS) is an interactive Portion Size assessment system for use in assessing Portion Sizes of foods consumed by children aged 18 months to 16 years. The system is computer-based and is designed to be administered during an interview for a food diary or 24-h recall. The Portion Sizes depicted are age-specific and based on the weights of foods served to children during the UK National Diet and Nutrition Surveys. The system displays digital images of food used to estimate the amount of each food served to the child and the amount of any food left over. Foods are categorised within the system using a three-tier structure. Twenty-seven food group icons are used with two further drop-down menus to select first the food group, then the food category and, finally, the actual food product. Each food is linked to UK food composition codes and all photographs are linked to the weight of the food depicted. Nutritional output is via a companion database. The present study describes the development of the IPSAS and the structure of the system.
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estimation of Portion Size in children s dietary assessment lessons learnt
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: Emma Foster, Ashley J. Adamson, A S Anderson, K L Barton, W L WriedenAbstract:Background/Objectives: Assessing the dietary intake of young children is challenging. In any 1 day, children may have several carers responsible for providing them with their dietary requirements, and once children reach school age, traditional methods such as weighing all items consumed become impractical. As an alternative to weighed records, food Portion Size assessment tools are available to assist subjects in estimating the amounts of foods consumed. Existing food photographs designed for use with adults and based on adult Portion Sizes have been found to be inappropriate for use with children. This article presents a review and summary of a body of work carried out to improve the estimation of Portion Sizes consumed by children. Methods: Feasibility work was undertaken to determine the accuracy and precision of three Portion Size assessment tools; food photographs, food models and a computer-based Interactive Portion Size Assessment System (IPSAS). These tools were based on Portion Sizes served to children during the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. As children often do not consume all of the food served to them, smaller Portions were included in each tool for estimation of leftovers. The tools covered 22 foods, which children commonly consume. Children were served known amounts of each food and leftovers were recorded. They were then asked to estimate both the amount of food that they were served and the amount of any food leftover. Results: Children were found to estimate food Portion Size with an accuracy approaching that of adults using both the food photographs and IPSAS. Conclusions: Further development is underway to increase the number of food photographs and to develop IPSAS to cover a much wider range of foods and to validate the use of these tools in a ’real life’ setting. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, S45–S49; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.64
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Children's estimates of food Portion Size: the effect of timing of dietary interview on the accuracy of children's Portion Size estimates.
British Journal of Nutrition, 2007Co-Authors: Emma Foster, Marilyn O'keeffe, John N. S. Matthews, John C. Mathers, Michael L. Nelson, Karen L. Barton, Wendy L. Wrieden, Ashley J. AdamsonAbstract:For food intakes to be converted into nutrient intakes a measure or estimate of the amount of food consumed is required. A number of methods have been developed to assist subjects in providing an estimate of Portion Size. Children’s ability to use perception, conceptualisation and memory skills to estimate food Portion Size has not been investigated systematically. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of the timing of a dietary interview on the accuracy of estimates of food Portion Sizes made by children, using food photographs, food models and an interactive Portion Size assessment system, developed for use with children and based on Portion Sizes of foods consumed by children. Children (n 108) aged 4– 14 years were supplied with known quantities of foods and asked to estimate the Portion Size of each food using each of the three Portion Size assessment tools. Interviews took place (a) with the food in view, (b) just after the child had eaten the food or (c) 24 h after the child had eaten the food. There were no significant differences in children’s ability to estimate food Portion Size (either as served or as eaten) with timing of interview. That is, children were as accurate in their estimates of Portion Size 24 h after consuming the food as when the food was in view. Under these conditions many children were able to estimate food Portion Size utilising perception, conceptualisation and memory skills. Portion Size estimation: Children: Interview timing
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accuracy of estimates of food Portion Size using food photographs the importance of using age appropriate tools
Public Health Nutrition, 2006Co-Authors: Emma Foster, John C. Mathers, Julie M Harris, J N S Matthews, Michael Nelson, Ashley J. AdamsonAbstract:Background In order to obtain a measure of nutrient intake, a measure or estimate of the amount of food consumed is required. Weighing foods imposes a large burden on subjects, often resulting in underreporting. Tools are available to assist subjects in providing an estimate of Portion Size and these include food photographs. The application of these tools in improving Portion Size estimation by children has not been investigated systematically. Objectives To assess the accuracy with which children are able to estimate food Portion Sizes using food photographs designed for use with adults, and to determine whether the accuracy of estimates is improved when age-appropriate Portion Size photographs are provided. Design Original data from three separate studies, on the accuracy of Portion Size estimates by adults using food photographs, by children using adult photographs and by children using age-appropriate photographs, are analysed and compared. Subjects One hundred and thirty-five adults aged 18 to 90 years and 210 children aged 4 to 11 years. Results Children's estimates of Portion Sizes using age-appropriate food photographs were significantly more accurate (an underestimate of 1% on average) than estimates using photographs designed for use with adults (an overestimate of 45% on average). Accuracy of children's estimates of Portion Size using age-appropriate photographs was not significantly different from that of adults. Children overestimated a food's weight by 18% on average and adults underestimated by 5%. Conclusions Providing children with food photographs depicting age-appropriate Portion Sizes greatly increases the accuracy of Portion Size estimates compared with estimates using photographs designed for use with adults.
