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Manuela Giovannetti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fungal biomass production in response to elevated atmospheric co2 in a Glomus Mosseae prunus cerasifera model system
Mycological Progress, 2012Co-Authors: P Fortuna, Luciano Avio, S Morini, Manuela GiovannettiAbstract:Biomass and length of intraradical and extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium under ambient (aCO2) and elevated (eCO2 ) atmospheric CO2 was investigated using a non-destructive in vivo experimental model system. Time-course experiments allowed measurements of intact extraradical mycelium spreading from mycorrhizal roots of Prunus cerasifera micropropagated plants inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae, in controlled environmental chambers. The length of extraradical mycelium was significantly increased at the highest CO2 concentration, ranging from 10.7 to 20.3 m at aCO2 and eCO2, respectively. The biochemical determination of mycelial glucosamine content allowed the evaluation of intraradical and extraradical fungal biomass, which were 2 and 3 times larger at eCO2 than at aCO2. Present data show that Glomus Mosseae responds to increases of CO2 concentrations producing larger mycorrhizal networks which may potentially represent carbon sink agents in soil ecosystems.
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Fungal biomass production in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 in a Glomus Mosseae–Prunus cerasifera model system
Mycological Progress, 2010Co-Authors: P Fortuna, Luciano Avio, S Morini, Manuela GiovannettiAbstract:Biomass and length of intraradical and extraradical mycorrhizal mycelium under ambient (aCO2) and elevated (eCO2 ) atmospheric CO2 was investigated using a non-destructive in vivo experimental model system. Time-course experiments allowed measurements of intact extraradical mycelium spreading from mycorrhizal roots of Prunus cerasifera micropropagated plants inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae, in controlled environmental chambers. The length of extraradical mycelium was significantly increased at the highest CO2 concentration, ranging from 10.7 to 20.3 m at aCO2 and eCO2, respectively. The biochemical determination of mycelial glucosamine content allowed the evaluation of intraradical and extraradical fungal biomass, which were 2 and 3 times larger at eCO2 than at aCO2. Present data show that Glomus Mosseae responds to increases of CO2 concentrations producing larger mycorrhizal networks which may potentially represent carbon sink agents in soil ecosystems.
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genetic and phenotypic diversity of geographically different isolates of Glomus Mosseae
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 2009Co-Authors: Luciano Avio, Caterina Cristani, Patrizia Strani, Manuela GiovannettiAbstract:In this work, we combined morphological taxonomy and molecular methods to investigate the intraspecific diversity of Glomus Mosseae, whose global distribution has been reviewed by a survey of scientific literature and Web-available records from international germplasm collections (International Culture Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and International Bank of Glomeromycota). We surveyed 186 publications reporting the occurrence of G. Mosseae from at least 474 different sites from 55 countries throughout all continents, producing a geographical map of their distribution. The relationships among G. Mosseae isolates originating from Europe (United Kingdom), the United States (Arizona, Florida, and Indiana), Africa (Namibia), and West Asia (Syria) were analyzed. The level of resolution of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences strongly supports the morphological species definition of G. Mosseae. An ITS – restriction fragment length polymorphism assay with the enzyme HinfI yielded a u...
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factors affecting appressorium development in the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae nicol gerd gerd trappe
New Phytologist, 2006Co-Authors: Manuela Giovannetti, Cristiana Sbrana, Luciano Ayio, Anna Silvia CiternesiAbstract:SUMMARY Investigations on the luck of appressorium formation in the roots of the non-host plant Lupinus albus L. showed that root exudates do not inhibit mycelial growth of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus Mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, but that they hinder hyphal attachment and fungal recognition of roots. Exudates do not stimulate hyphal proliferation in the rhizosphere. G. Mosseae hyphae were able to recognize and attach to excised root of both lupin and host plants, forming swellings resembling apressoria. No growth of G. Mosseae hyphae was observed around simulated roots consisting of nylon, silk, polyamide and glass threads, whereas appressoria were formed on heterologous hyphae of VAM fungal species. The hypothesis that a purely thigmotropic stimulate could trigger hyphal attachment and the further differentiation of appressoria was excluded.
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chemotropism in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae
Mycorrhiza, 2005Co-Authors: Cristiana Sbrana, Manuela GiovannettiAbstract:In this work, we report the occurrence of chemotropism in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus Mosseae. Fungal hyphae were able to respond to host-derived signals by reorienting their growth towards roots and to perceive chemotropic signals at a distance of at least 910 μm from roots. In order to reach the source of chemotropic signals, hyphal tips crossed interposed membranes emerging within 1 mm from roots, eventually establishing mycorrhizal symbiosis. The specificity of chemotropic growth was evidenced by hyphal growth reorientation and membrane penetration occurring only in experimental systems set up with host plants. Since pre-symbiotic growth is a critical stage in the life cycle of obligate AM fungal symbionts, chemotropic guidance may represent an important mechanism functional to host root location, appressorium formation and symbiosis establishment.
Andres Wiemken - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rapid nitrogen transfer in the sorghum bicolor Glomus Mosseae arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2013Co-Authors: Sally Koegel, Thomas Boller, Andres Wiemken, Moritz F Lehmann, Pierreemmanuel CourtyAbstract:We have recently identified two genes coding for ammonium transporters (AMT) in Sorghum bicolor that were induced in roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. To improve our understanding of the dynamics of ammonium transport in this symbiosis, we studied the transfer of soil-ammonium-derived 15N to S. bicolor plants via the Glomus Mosseae fungal mycelium in compartmented microcosms. The 15NH4+-containing hyphal compartment was inaccessible to the roots in the plant compartment. 15N label concentrations significantly increased in plant roots and leaves already 48 h after exposure of the AM fungus to the 15NH4+ substrate, attesting an efficient symbiotic N transfer between the symbiotic partners and further highlighting that AM symbiosis represents an important component of plant nitrogen nutrition.
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Hyphal in vitro growth of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae is affected by chitinase but not by β-1,3-glucanase.
Mycorrhiza, 2001Co-Authors: Horst Vierheilig, Andres Wiemken, Thomas BollerAbstract:Purified basic chitinase or β-1,3-glucanase or a combination of the two enzymes were applied to hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae grown in vitro. Chitinase applied to the hyphal tip produced an inhibition of hyphal extension, lysis of the apex and alterations of the growth pattern of the fungus. No effect was observed, however, when chitinase was applied to subapical parts of the hyphae or when glucanase was applied to any part of the hyphae. Application of a combination of the two enzymes to the hyphal tip produced an effect similar to that of chitinase alone.
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Glyceollin production in soybean during the process of infection by Glomus Mosseae and Rhizoctonia solani.
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 1990Co-Authors: Peter Wyss, Thomas Boller, Andres WiemkenAbstract:Abstract Special growth containers have been constructed to infect plants with mycorrhizal fungi and root pathogens. The containers allow an easy sampling of roots throughout the infection process. Using this system, we measured the phytoalexin glyceollin in soybean roots during the first 20 days after inoculation with Glomus Mosseae or Rhizoctonia solani. In roots colonized by the endomycorrhizal fungus, G. Mosseae, glyceollin did not accumulate throughout the experiment. In contrast the weak pathogen, R. solani, induced a rapid accumulation of the phytoalexin in roots within 8 days of inoculation.
Juan A. Ocampo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PRODUCTION OF PECTOLYTIC ENZYMES IN LETTUCE ROOT COLONIZED BY Glomus Mosseae
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Inmaculada García-romera, José Manuel García-garrido, E. Martinez-molina, Juan A. OcampoAbstract:Abstract The type of extraction solution used influences pectolytic enzyme recovery from Lactuca salira root colonized with Glomus Mosseae . The most suitable extraction buffers are 250 mM NaCl for pectin esterase and SO mM citrate-phosphate plus polyvinyl-polypyrrolidone for polygalacturonase, endo-polygalacturonase, polymethylgalaturonase, endo-polymethylgalacturonase, pectin and pectate lyase. The inclusion of glycine and urea to citrate-phosphate buffer decreases polygalacturonase activity but enhances endo-polymethylgalacturonase activity. Mycorrhizal colonized roots possess more pectin esterase, with optimum production at pH 7 and endo-polymethylgalacturonase but not more polygalacturonase, polymethylgalacturonase endo-polygalacturonase pectin and pectate lyases, than noncolonized roots. This fact suggests that these enzymes may participate in the process of penetration and colonization of root by the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. Mosseae .
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Influence of soil impoverishment on the interaction between Glomus Mosseae and saprobe fungi
Mycorrhiza, 1999Co-Authors: Alicia M. Godeas, Sebastian Fracchia, Maria Teresa Mujica, Juan A. OcampoAbstract:The effect of the saprobe fungi Wardomyces inflatus (Marchal) Hennebert, Paecilomyces farinosus (Holm & Gray) A. H. S. Brown & G. Sm., Gliocladium roseum Bain., Trichoderma pseudokoningii Rifai and T. harzianum Rifai, isolated from sporocarps of Glomus Mosseae, on arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonisation and plant dry matter of soybean was studied in 2/3 and 1/5 diluted soils in a greenhouse trial. Soil dilution to 1/5 had no effect on shoot dry matter of soybean but decreased AM colonisation and root dry weight of plants. CFU of saprobe fungi, except T. harzianum, were higher in 1/5 than in 2/3 diluted soils. W. inflatus and Gliocladium roseum decreased the shoot dry weight of soybean plant when inoculated together with Glomus Mosseae. The saprobe fungi P. farinosus and T. pseudokoningii increased the shoot dry weights of plants grown in 1/5 diluted soil. The shoot dry weight and AM colonisation in 1/5 diluted soil were also increased when T. harzianum was inoculated together with Glomus Mosseae. Thus, saprobe fungi increased AM colonisation of soybean plants by indigenous endophytes. The AM colonisation of plants at both soil dilutions was increased by Glomus Mosseae. The highest level of AM colonisation was observed when P. farinosus and T. pseudokoningii were inoculated together Glomus Mosseae. The dilution of soils influenced the interaction between inoculated microorganisms and their effect on plant growth.
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Negative influence of non-host plants on the colonization of Pisum sativum by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus Mosseae.
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1999Co-Authors: S. Fontenla, Inmaculada García-romera, Juan A. OcampoAbstract:Abstract We studied the influence of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) non-host plants Stellaria media (Caryophyllaceae), Chenopodium album and Spinaceae oleracea (Chenopodiaceae), Brassica campestris , B. nigra , Capsella bursa-pastoris and Sisymbrium altissimum (Brassicaceae), Juncus balticus (Juncaceae), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) and of the AM host plant Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae) on the colonization of Pisum sativum by the AM fungus Glomus Mosseae . None of the non-host plants tested were colonized by Glomus Mosseae . Older non-host plants competed with P. sativum . No inhibition of AM colonization was observed in host plants that were grown in the same pot and at the same time as non-host plants. However, when non-host plants were grown for 30 d before P. sativum , they inhibited mycorrhizal colonization of the latter. In a split pot system the presence of U. dioica on the left-side decreased AM colonization of P. sativum roots on the left-side, but not on the right-side. Non-host plants decreased the inoculum potential of G. Mosseae and in some cases the percentage AM colonization of host plants cultivated after non-host plants. These results indicate that roots of non-host species have factors that seem to affect the AM fungus before it establishes in the root of host plants.
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Purification of an arbuscular mycorrhizal endoglucanase from onion roots colonized by Glomus Mosseae
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 1996Co-Authors: José Manuel García-garrido, M. D. Parra-garcia, Inmaculada García-romera, Juan A. OcampoAbstract:Abstract An arbuscular endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) was purified to homogeneity from roots of onion ( Allium cepa cv. Babosa) colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe. The stepwise purification procedure consisted of Filtron concentration (10 kDa), anion-exchange chromatography, anion-exchange fast protein liquid chromatography, and electroelution from polyacrylamide gels. Pure endoglucanase had a specific activity of 2500 units mg −1 protein, and was purified 198-fold with a yield of 0.6 μg enzyme g −1 root. The endoglucanase has a relative molecular weight of about 27 kDa, and behaves as a monomer in its native form.
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Cellulase production by the vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe
New Phytologist, 1992Co-Authors: José Manuel García-garrido, Inmaculada García-romera, Juan A. OcampoAbstract:summary Production of endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4) and exoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.91) enzymes was studied during penetration of the host and development of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus, Glomus Mosseae, in roots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and onion (Allium cepa). Endo- and exoglucanase activities increase in VAM plants at the beginning of entry-point formation and arbuscule development. No relationship was found between the number of vesicles and endo- and exoglucanase activities. Extracts from spores and external mycelium of G. Mosseae had endo- and exoglucanase activities. Some of the cellulase activities detected in VAM roots were attributed to the fungus, since endoglucanase activity found in the external mycelium of G. Mosseae and in mycorrhizal root extracts showed the same electrophoretic mobility.
Cristiana Sbrana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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factors affecting appressorium development in the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae nicol gerd gerd trappe
New Phytologist, 2006Co-Authors: Manuela Giovannetti, Cristiana Sbrana, Luciano Ayio, Anna Silvia CiternesiAbstract:SUMMARY Investigations on the luck of appressorium formation in the roots of the non-host plant Lupinus albus L. showed that root exudates do not inhibit mycelial growth of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus Glomus Mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, but that they hinder hyphal attachment and fungal recognition of roots. Exudates do not stimulate hyphal proliferation in the rhizosphere. G. Mosseae hyphae were able to recognize and attach to excised root of both lupin and host plants, forming swellings resembling apressoria. No growth of G. Mosseae hyphae was observed around simulated roots consisting of nylon, silk, polyamide and glass threads, whereas appressoria were formed on heterologous hyphae of VAM fungal species. The hypothesis that a purely thigmotropic stimulate could trigger hyphal attachment and the further differentiation of appressoria was excluded.
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chemotropism in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus Mosseae
Mycorrhiza, 2005Co-Authors: Cristiana Sbrana, Manuela GiovannettiAbstract:In this work, we report the occurrence of chemotropism in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus Mosseae. Fungal hyphae were able to respond to host-derived signals by reorienting their growth towards roots and to perceive chemotropic signals at a distance of at least 910 μm from roots. In order to reach the source of chemotropic signals, hyphal tips crossed interposed membranes emerging within 1 mm from roots, eventually establishing mycorrhizal symbiosis. The specificity of chemotropic growth was evidenced by hyphal growth reorientation and membrane penetration occurring only in experimental systems set up with host plants. Since pre-symbiotic growth is a critical stage in the life cycle of obligate AM fungal symbionts, chemotropic guidance may represent an important mechanism functional to host root location, appressorium formation and symbiosis establishment.
Monther Mohumad Tahat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Exploring the use of legumes as host plant species in Glomus Mosseae sporulation
LEGUME RESEARCH - AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, 2018Co-Authors: Monther Mohumad Tahat, Kamaruzaman Sijam, Kholoud AlananbehAbstract:The production of high quality, large scale, pathogen free and homogenous mycorrhizal inoculums are required for research purposes and soil bio-fertility. In the current study, a pot culture technique was followed to produce healthy quality and mass quantity of Glomus Mosseae spores for research purposes. Five legumes plants were selected {(pea (Pisum sativum), broad bean, (Vicia faba) black eyed beans (Vigna unguiculata) soybean (Glycine max), and mung beans (Phaseolus aureus)}. The legumes were grown for two months under controlled conditions after pre-inoculated with healthy G. Mosseae spores. The highest number of spores was counted in the mung beans rhizosphere and it was the best host in nodules weight production and root colonization rate. Soybeans produced the lowest spore’s number. It was found that the correlation between root colonization rate and spores number in the soil was positive. The rhizobium nodule weight was related positively with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores manipulations in the soil.
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Ultrastructural changes of tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) root colonized by Glomus Mosseae and Ralstonia solanacearum
African Journal of Biotechnology, 2012Co-Authors: Monther Mohumad Tahat, Kamaruzaman Sijam, Radziah OthmanAbstract:The colonization of plant root cell by mycorrhizal fungi is one of the mechanisms involved for the understanding of plant bio-protection against soil-borne pathogens. The aim of current study was to investigate and describe tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) root ultra-structural modifications caused by Glomus Mosseae and the bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum . In scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, the root cells presented several arbuscules and mature spores of G. Mosseae. In transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, many entry points on the cell wall were detected in addition to nucleus, cell organs and many mitochondria. The results evidenced that the presence of G. Mosseae can change the root architecture dramatically. R. solanacearum was inhibited by the endophytic fungi. G. Mosseae structure can help the plant to prevent the pathogen bacterial invasion totally due to root architecture system changes. Key words : Mycorrhizal fungi, bacterial wilt, tomato, root cell, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy.
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Bio-compartmental in vitro system for Glomus Mosseae and Ralstonia solanacraum interaction.
International Journal of Botany, 2011Co-Authors: Monther Mohumad Tahat, Kamaruzaman Sijam, Radziah OthmanAbstract:The life cycle of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is initiated by spore germination. The interaction between Glomus Mosseae and Ralstonia solanacearum was achieved by following the bio-compartmental in vitro system. The system was modified to be useful for different microbes with different types of medium. Mycorrhizal fungi spores were germinated using water agar, nutrient agar and soil media, while casamino acid-peptone-glucose (CPG) media was used for R. solanacearum.all medium. All medium were mixed with different volumes of tomato and corn root exudates. The hyphal length of G. Mosseae greatly affected by the exudates particularly, mycorrhizal tomato root exudates (MTRE) and mycorrhizal corn root exudates (MCRE). The growth of R. solanacearum was suppressed due to G. Mosseae spores germination which can produce different volatile and non volatiles substances. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the influence of root exudates volatiles on R. solanacearum and the hyphal of G. Mosseae growth under laboratory conditions using a new modified technique.
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the role of tomato and corn root exudates on Glomus Mosseae spores germination and ralstonia solanacearum growth in vitro
International Journal of Plant Pathology, 2010Co-Authors: Monther Mohumad Tahat, Kamaruzaman Sijam, Radziah OthmanAbstract:An in vitro experiment was conducted to study the effect of different plant root exudates on germination of Glomus Mosseae and the growth of bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum. Mycorrhizal spore germination increased when the volume of Mycorrhizal Tomato Root Exudates (MTRE) increased and in contrast, a negative relationship was recorded when the volume of Non-Mycorrhizal Tomato Root Exudates (NMTRE) increased. Similarly, the Mycorrhizal Corn Root Exudates (MCRE) was able to increase the percentage of germinated spores as compared to the Non-Mycorrhizal Corn Root Exudates (NMCRE). The antagonistic effect between Ralstonia solanacearum and Glomus Mosseae was also studied in this research. There was no inhibition effect of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tomato and corn root exudates on growth of R. solanacearum. The study indicated that Glomus Mosseae spore germination could be influenced by the host plant or pH medium.
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Plant host selectivity for multiplication of Glomus Mosseae spore
International Journal of Botany, 2008Co-Authors: Monther Mohumad Tahat, S. Kamaruzaman, O Radziah, Jugah Kadir, H. N MasdekAbstract:The study aimed to select plant host for multiplication of Glomus Mosseae spores. Five plant species were used [(corn, (Zea mays) sorghum, (Sorghum bicolor) lentil, (Lens culinaris), barley, (Hordeum vulgare) and green bean, (Phaseolus vulgaris)]. Plants were inoculated with Glomus Mosseae and grown for 75 days under glasshouse conditions. Mycorrhizal sporulation and colonization of all plant hosts were assessed at different sampling periods. At 75 days of growth the highest number of Glomus Mosseae spores was found in mycorrhizosphere of corn plant (167 spore/10 g soil), while the lowest in the mycorrhizosphere of barley (35 spore/10 g soil). The highest percentage of root colonization was in corn (76%), while the lowest colonization was found in green bean (24%). Corn was the most suitable host for spore production of Glomus Mosseae and to extensive root colonization. It was recorded that plants having more colonization percentage were able to produce more Glomus Mosseae spores. The study indicated that different plant species significantly influenced the root spore production and root colonization percentage of Glomus Mosseae.