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Herve Bourhy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Circumstances of Human–Bat interactions and risk of Lyssavirus transmission in metropolitan France
Zoonoses and Public Health, 2020Co-Authors: Perrine Parize, Florence Larrous, Laurent Dacheux, Lauriane Kergoat, Jordi Serra-cobo, Isabel Travecedo Robledo, Minerva Cervantes‐gonzalez, Herve BourhyAbstract:Since the elimination of dog and terrestrial wild animal rabies, bat exposures remain the only source of autochthonous Lyssavirus transmission to humans in Western Europe. European bats have already been found infected with several Lyssaviruses, and human-bat interactions represent a risk of viral transmission and fatal encephalitis for humans. In this study, we aim to better characterize exposures to bats in metropolitan France from 2003 to 2016 and to identify circumstances associated with exposures to Lyssavirus-positive bats. Two complementary sources of data were analysed: 1/ data associated with bats responsible for human exposure received for Lyssavirus testing by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies (NRCR); and 2/ data pertaining to individuals seeking medical care through the French Anti-Rabies Clinics network after contact with a bat. From 2003 to 2016, 425 bats originating from metropolitan France were submitted to the NRCR and 16 (4%) were found positive with a Lyssavirus (EBLV-1b was diagnosed in 9 bats, EBLV-1a in 6 and BBLV in one specimen). The two factors associated with bat positivity in our study were the female sex and the bat belonging to the E. serotinus species. During the same study period, 1718 individuals sought care at an Anti-Rabies Clinic after exposure to a bat resulting in an estimated incidence of human-bat interactions of 1.96 per 106 person-years. The two most frequent circumstances of exposure were handling or bites. Interactions mostly involved one adult human being and one live and non-sick-looking bat. Our study provides new insights about circumstances of human-bat interactions and may be helpful to target prevention interventions to improve the awareness of the population of the risk of Lyssavirus transmission.
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Circumstances of Human-Bat interactions and risk of Lyssavirus transmission in metropolitan France.
Zoonoses and public health, 2020Co-Authors: Perrine Parize, Florence Larrous, Laurent Dacheux, Isabel Cristina Travecedo Robledo, Minerva Cervantes-gonzalez, Lauriane Kergoat, Jordi Serra-cobo, Herve BourhyAbstract:Since the elimination of dog and terrestrial wild animal rabies, bat exposures remain the only source of autochthonous Lyssavirus transmission to humans in Western Europe. European bats have already been found infected with several Lyssaviruses, and human-bat interactions represent a risk of viral transmission and fatal encephalitis for humans. In this study, we aim to better characterize exposures to bats in metropolitan France from 2003 to 2016 and to identify circumstances associated with exposures to Lyssavirus-positive bats. Two complementary sources of data were analysed: 1/ data associated with bats responsible for human exposure received for Lyssavirus testing by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies (NRCR); and 2/ data pertaining to individuals seeking medical care through the French Anti-Rabies Clinics network after contact with a bat. From 2003 to 2016, 425 bats originating from metropolitan France were submitted to the NRCR and 16 (4%) were found positive with a Lyssavirus (EBLV-1b was diagnosed in 9 bats, EBLV-1a in 6 and BBLV in one specimen). The two factors associated with bat positivity in our study were the female sex and the bat belonging to the E. serotinus species. During the same study period, 1718 individuals sought care at an Anti-Rabies Clinic after exposure to a bat resulting in an estimated incidence of human-bat interactions of 1.96 per 106 person-years. The two most frequent circumstances of exposure were handling or bites. Interactions mostly involved one adult human being and one live and non-sick-looking bat. Our study provides new insights about circumstances of human-bat interactions and may be helpful to target prevention interventions to improve the awareness of the population of the risk of Lyssavirus transmission.
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Antibodies and methods for treatment of Lyssavirus infection
2020Co-Authors: Davide Corti, Herve Bourhy, Florian Sonthonax, Gabriel LepousezAbstract:The invention provides antibodies, and antigen-binding fragments thereof, that potently neutralize Lyssavirus infection and the use of such antibodies. In particular, the invention provides methods of treatment of Lyssavirus infection, such as rabies.
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Dual Combined Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Diagnosis of Lyssavirus Infection
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Laurent Dacheux, Florence Larrous, Rachel Lavenir, Anthony Lepelletier, Abdellah Faouzi, Cécile Troupin, Jalal Nourlil, Philippe Buchy, Herve BourhyAbstract:The definitive diagnosis of Lyssavirus infection (including rabies) in animals and humans is based on laboratory confirmation. The reference techniques for post-mortem rabies diagnosis are still based on direct immunofluorescence and virus isolation, but molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods, are increasingly being used and now constitute the principal tools for diagnosing rabies in humans and for epidemiological analyses. However, it remains a key challenge to obtain relevant specificity and sensitivity with these techniques while ensuring that the genetic diversity of Lyssaviruses does not compromise detection. We developed a dual combined real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (combo RT-qPCR) method for pan-Lyssavirus detection. This method is based on two complementary technologies: a probe-based (TaqMan) RT-qPCR for detecting the RABV species (pan-RABV RT-qPCR) and a second reaction using an intercalating dye (SYBR Green) to detect other Lyssavirus species (pan-lyssa RT-qPCR). The performance parameters of this combined assay were evaluated with a large panel of primary animal samples covering almost all the genetic variability encountered at the viral species level, and they extended to almost all Lyssavirus species characterized to date. This method was also evaluated for the diagnosis of human rabies on 211 biological samples (positive n = 76 and negative n = 135) including saliva, skin and brain biopsies. It detected all 41 human cases of rabies tested and confirmed the sensitivity and the interest of skin biopsy (91.5%) and saliva (54%) samples for intra-vitam diagnosis of human rabies. Finally, this method was successfully implemented in two rabies reference laboratories in enzootic countries (Cambodia and Morocco). This combined RT-qPCR method constitutes a relevant, useful, validated tool for the diagnosis of rabies in both humans and animals, and represents a promising tool for Lyssavirus surveillance.
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Laboratory Surveillance of Rabies in Humans, Domestic Animals, and Bats in Madagascar from 2005 to 2010
Advances In Preventive Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Jean-marc Reynes, Herve Bourhy, Soa Andriamandimby, Girard Marcelin Razafitrimo, Josette Razainirina, Elisabeth Marie Jeanmaire, Jean-michel HeraudAbstract:Background. Rabies virus (RABV) has circulated in Madagascar at least since the 19th century. Objectives. To assess the circulation of Lyssavirus in the island from 2005 to 2010. Materials and Methods. Animal (including bats) and human samples were tested for RABV and other Lyssavirus using antigen, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and antibodies detection and virus isolation. Results. Half of the 437 domestic or tame wild terrestrial mammal brains tested were found RABV antigen positive, including 54% of the 341 dogs tested. This percentage ranged from 26% to 75% across the period. Nine of the 10 suspected human cases tested were laboratory confirmed. RABV circulation was confirmed in 34 of the 38 districts sampled. No Lyssavirus RNA was detected in 1983 bats specimens. Nevertheless, antibodies against Lagos bat virus were detected in the sera of 12 among 50 Eidolon dupreanum specimens sampled. Conclusion. More than a century after the introduction of the vaccine, rabies still remains endemic in Madagascar.
Daniel L Horton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pathogenesis of bat rabies in a natural reservoir: Comparative susceptibility of the straw-colored fruit bat (Eidolon helvum) to three strains of Lagos bat virus.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2018Co-Authors: Richard Suu-ire, Conrad Martin Freuling, Ashley C. Banyard, Andrew C. Breed, Lineke Begeman, Christian Drosten, Elisa Eggerbauer, Louise Gibson, Hooman Goharriz, Daniel L HortonAbstract:Rabies is a fatal neurologic disease caused by Lyssavirus infection. People are infected through contact with infected animals. The relative increase of human rabies acquired from bats calls for a better understanding of Lyssavirus infections in their natural hosts. So far, there is no experimental model that mimics natural Lyssavirus infection in the reservoir bat species. Lagos bat virus is a Lyssavirus that is endemic in straw-colored fruit bats (Eidolon helvum) in Africa. Here we compared the susceptibility of these bats to three strains of Lagos bat virus (from Senegal, Nigeria, and Ghana) by intracranial inoculation. To allow comparison between strains, we ensured the same titer of virus was inoculated in the same location of the brain of each bat. All bats (n = 3 per strain) were infected, and developed neurological signs, and fatal meningoencephalitis with Lyssavirus antigen expression in neurons. There were three main differences among the groups. First, time to death was substantially shorter in the Senegal and Ghana groups (4 to 6 days) than in the Nigeria group (8 days). Second, each virus strain produced a distinct clinical syndrome. Third, the spread of virus to peripheral tissues, tested by hemi-nested reverse transcriptase PCR, was frequent (3 of 3 bats) and widespread (8 to 10 tissues positive of 11 tissues examined) in the Ghana group, was frequent and less widespread in the Senegal group (3/3 bats, 3 to 6 tissues positive), and was rare and restricted in the Nigeria group (1/3 bats, 2 tissues positive). Centrifugal spread of virus from brain to tissue of excretion in the oral cavity is required to enable Lyssavirus transmission. Therefore, the Senegal and Ghana strains seem most suitable for further pathogenesis, and for transmission, studies in the straw-colored fruit bat
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comparative studies on the genetic antigenic and pathogenic characteristics of bokeloh bat Lyssavirus
Journal of General Virology, 2014Co-Authors: Tobias Nolden, Dennis Hanke, Dirk Hoper, Ashley C. Banyard, Stefan Finke, Daniel L Horton, Anthony R FooksAbstract:Bokeloh bat Lyssavirus (BBLV), a novel Lyssavirus, was isolated from a Natterer’s bat (Myotis nattererii), a chiropteran species with a widespread and abundant distribution across Europe. As a novel Lyssavirus, the risks of BBLV to animal and human health are unknown and as such characterization both in vitro and in vivo was required to assess pathogenicity and vaccine protection. Full genome sequence analysis and antigenic cartography demonstrated that the German BBLV isolates are most closely related to European bat Lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV-2) and Khujand virus and can be characterized within phylogroup I. In vivo characterization demonstrated that BBLV was pathogenic in mice when inoculated peripherally causing clinical signs typical for rabies encephalitis, with higher pathogenicity observed in juvenile mice. A limited vaccination-challenge experiment in mice was conducted and suggested that current vaccines would afford some protection against BBLV although further studies are warranted to determine a serological cut-off for protection.
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Rabies virus vaccines: is there a need for a pan-Lyssavirus vaccine?
Vaccine, 2012Co-Authors: Jennifer S. Evans, Anthony R Fooks, Daniel L Horton, Andrew J. Easton, Ashley C. BanyardAbstract:All members of the Lyssavirus genus are capable of causing disease that invariably results in death following the development of clinical symptoms. The recent detection of several novel Lyssavirus species across the globe, in different animal species, has demonstrated that the Lyssavirus genus contains a greater degree of genetic and antigenic variation than previously suspected. The divergence of species within the genus has led to a differentiation of Lyssavirus isolates based on both antigenic and genetic data into two, and potentially a third phylogroup. Critically, from both a human and animal health perspective, current rabies vaccines appear able to protect against Lyssaviruses classified within phylogroup I. However no protection is afforded against phylogroup II viruses or other more divergent viruses. Here we review current knowledge regarding the diversity and antigenicity of the Lyssavirus glycoprotein. We review the degree of cross protection afforded by rabies vaccines, the genetic and antigenic divergence of the Lyssaviruses and potential mechanisms for the development of novel Lyssavirus vaccines for use in areas where divergent Lyssaviruses are known to circulate, as well as for use by those at occupational risk from these pathogens.
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Complete genome sequence of Ikoma Lyssavirus.
Journal of virology, 2012Co-Authors: Denise A. Marston, Ashley C. Banyard, Daniel L Horton, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Chanasa Ngeleja, Lorraine M. Mcelhinney, Richard J. Ellis, Emma L. Wise, Julius Keyyu, Sarah CleavelandAbstract:Lyssaviruses (family Rhabdoviridae) constitute one of the most important groups of viral zoonoses globally. All Lyssaviruses cause the disease rabies, an acute progressive encephalitis for which, once symptoms occur, there is no effective cure. Currently available vaccines are highly protective against the predominantly circulating Lyssavirus species. Using next-generation sequencing technologies, we have obtained the whole-genome sequence for a novel Lyssavirus, Ikoma Lyssavirus (IKOV), isolated from an African civet in Tanzania displaying clinical signs of rabies. Genetically, this virus is the most divergent within the genus Lyssavirus. Characterization of the genome will help to improve our understanding of Lyssavirus diversity and enable investigation into vaccine-induced immunity and protection.
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DISPATCHES Ikoma Lyssavirus, Highly Divergent Novel Lyssavirus in an African Civet 1
2012Co-Authors: Denise A. Marston, Ashley C. Banyard, Daniel L Horton, Chanasa Ngeleja, Katie Hampson, Lorraine M. Mcelhinney, Daniel Haydon, Sarah Cleavel, Machunde Bigambo, Anthony R FooksAbstract:Evidence in support of a novel Lyssavirus was obtained from brain samples of an African civet in Tanzania. Results of phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene sequences from representative Lyssavirus species and this novel Lyssavirus provided strong empirical evidence that this is a new Lyssavirus species, designated Ikoma Lyssavirus. Eleven Lyssavirus species have been classified: Rabies virus (RABV), Lagos bat virus (LBV), Mokola virus (MOKV), Duvenhage virus (DUVV), European bat Lyssavirus types-1 and-2, Australian bat Lyssavirus, Aravan virus, Khujand virus, Irkut virus, and West Caucasian bat virus (WCBV) (1). All these viruses except MOKV have been detected in bats. Two newly identified Lyssaviruses, Shimoni bat virus (SHIBV) (2) and Bokeloh bat Lyssavirus (3), both detected in bats, have not yet been classified. The presence of numerous Lyssaviruses in bat species has led to increasing research efforts toward Lyssavirus discovery in bat populations globally. However, Lyssavirus surveillance in terrestrial mammals remains limited across most of Africa. Of the 13 Lyssaviruses, 5 circulate in Africa (RABV
Anthony R Fooks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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rabies virus defining antigenic requirements for pan Lyssavirus neutralisation
Access Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Anthony R Fooks, Rebecca Shipley, David Selden, Wu Guanghui, Edward Wright, Ashley C. BanyardAbstract:The Lyssavirus genus is a diverse group of viruses all capable of causing an invariably fatal disease known as rabies, most commonly caused by the prototype species rabies virus (RABV). Alongside RABV the Lyssavirus genus currently contains 15 other viruses capable of causing rabies. These viruses are broadly categorised into phylogroups according to the predicted level of vaccine protection, with protection from current vaccines and therapeutics afforded against phylogroup I but not II or III. Current evidence suggests that for a protective neutralising antibody response against RABV a neutralising antibody titre of 0.5 IU ml−1 is sufficient. This arbitrary value has been developed and promoted as a serological cut-off based on the reactivity of defined sera with a standardised dose of RABV. Studies using cross protection assays, have suggested that for protection against more divergent members of the genus, even those in phylogroup I, 10-fold or greater than the 0.5 IU ml−1 antibody titres are required. The continued discovery of novel Lyssaviruses globally warrants an in-depth assessment of the protective titre required to protect against all the Lyssaviruses to inform occupationally high-risk groups (e.g., scientists, bat workers and speleologists). Based on live virus neutralization assays, a minimum of 7 distinct Lyssavirus glycoprotein antigens would have to be included in any pan-Lyssavirus vaccine. Certainly, representative immunogens from all Lyssavirus species characterized in phylogroups II and III are required to stimulate a pan-Lyssavirus response.
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Complete Genome Sequence of Lleida Bat Lyssavirus.
Genome announcements, 2017Co-Authors: Denise A. Marston, Conrad Martin Freuling, Ashley C. Banyard, Thomas Müller, Lorraine M. Mcelhinney, Richard J. Ellis, Emma L. Wise, Xavier De Lamballerie, Nidia Aréchiga-ceballos, Anthony R FooksAbstract:All Lyssaviruses (family Rhabdoviridae) cause the disease rabies, an acute progressive encephalitis for which, once symptoms occur, there is no effective cure. Using next-generation sequencing, the full-genome sequence for a novel Lyssavirus, Lleida bat Lyssavirus (LLEBV), from the original brain of a common bent-winged bat has been confirmed.
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Lyssavirus in Indian Flying Foxes, Sri Lanka.
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Panduka De S. Gunawardena, Ashley C. Banyard, Denise A. Marston, Lorraine M. Mcelhinney, Richard J. Ellis, Emma L. Wise, Anjana C. Karawita, Andrew C. Breed, Nicholas Johnson, Anthony R FooksAbstract:A novel Lyssavirus was isolated from brains of Indian flying foxes (Pteropus medius) in Sri Lanka. Phylogenetic analysis of complete virus genome sequences, and geographic location and host species, provides strong evidence that this virus is a putative new Lyssavirus species, designated as Gannoruwa bat Lyssavirus.
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Evolutionary relationships between Lyssaviruses.
2016Co-Authors: David T. S. Hayman, Anthony R Fooks, Denise A. Marston, Juan C. Garcia-rAbstract:The time-scaled phylogeny was generated from 153 nucleoprotein gene sequences and inferred with a Lognormal relaxed-clock Bayesian analysis using BEAST. Branch colours correspond to ecozones shown on the inset map. Support values corresponding to Bayesian posterior probabilities (above branches) and states probabilities from the different assigned ecozones (below branches) are indicated for key nodes. The time scale in years is shown. Phylogroups 3 (green, top) and 2 (blue) are shaded and key nodes discussed in the text labelled A-D. Virus names are Mokola virus (MOKV); Australian bat Lyssavirus (ABLV); European bat Lyssavirus-1 (EBLV-1); European bat Lyssavirus-2 (EBLV-2), Irkut (IRKV), Aravan (ARAV), Khujand (KHUV); West Caucasian Bat Virus (WCBV); Lagos bat virus (LBV); Duvenhage virus (DUVV); Shimoni bat virus (SHIBV); Bokeloh bat Lyssavirus (BBLV); Ikoma virus (IKOV); Lleida virus (LLEBV); Gannoruwa bat Lyssavirus (GBLV); Rabies virus (RABV).
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complete genomic sequence of european bat Lyssavirus 1 isolated from eptesicus isabellinus in spain
Genome Announcements, 2015Co-Authors: Denise A. Marston, Anthony R Fooks, Lorraine M. Mcelhinney, Richard J. Ellis, Emma L. Wise, Sonia Vazquezmoron, Xavier De Lamballerie, Juan Emilio EchevarríaAbstract:ABSTRACT All members of the Lyssavirus genus cause the disease rabies. European bat Lyssavirus 1 (EBLV-1) viruses are divided genetically into three groups according to geographic location and host reservoir. We report here the first genome sequence for an EBLV-1 isolated from Eptesiscus isabellinus in the Iberian Peninsula, Spain.
Thomas Müller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bokeloh bat Lyssavirus isolation in a natterer s bat poland
Zoonoses and Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: M Smreczak, Anna Orlowska, P Trebas, Conrad Martin Freuling, Anna Marzec, Thomas Müller, Jan F żmudzinskiAbstract:: In recent years, Bokeloh bat Lyssavirus (BBLV), a member of the novel Lyssavirus genus Bokeloh bat Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae, has been detected in Germany (five cases) and France (two cases). Here, we report the isolation of BBLV in a Natterer's bat (Myotis nattereri) in Poland. The bat brain tested positive for rabies using classical diagnostics tests (FAT and RTCIT) and then subsequently confirmed by molecular techniques. Viral RNA was found in all peripheral organs tested, and the highest viral loads were detected in brain, the salivary gland and bladder. Phylogenetic analysis performed on complete viral genome sequences revealed the closest homology to representatives of BBLV lineage B, isolated previously in southern Germany. This case provides further evidence that BBLV is widespread in Europe.
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Isolation, antigenicity and immunogenicity of Lleida bat Lyssavirus.
The Journal of general virology, 2018Co-Authors: Ashley C. Banyard, Conrad Martin Freuling, Stefan Finke, Thomas Müller, Denise A. Marston, David Selden, Leigh Thorne, Daisy Jennings, Juan E. EchevarríaAbstract:The Lyssaviruses are an important group of viruses that cause a fatal encephalitis termed rabies. The prototypic Lyssavirus, rabies virus, is predicted to cause more than 60 000 human fatalities annually. The burden of disease for the other Lyssaviruses is undefined. The original reports for the recently described highly divergent Lleida bat Lyssavirus were based on the detection of virus sequence alone. The successful isolation of live Lleida bat Lyssavirus from the carcass of the original bat and in vitro characterization of this novel Lyssavirus are described here. In addition, the ability of a human rabies vaccine to confer protective immunity following challenge with this divergent Lyssavirus was assessed. Two different doses of Lleida bat Lyssavirus were used to challenge vaccinated or naive mice: a high dose of 100 focus-forming units (f.f.u.) 30 µl−1 and a 100-fold dilution of this dose, 1 f.f.u. 30 µl−1. Although all naive control mice succumbed to the 100 f.f.u. 30 µl−1 challenge, 42 % (n=5/12) of those infected intracerebrally with 1 f.f.u. 30 µl−1 survived the challenge. In the high-challenge-dose group, 42 % of the vaccinated mice survived the challenge (n=5/12), whilst at the lower challenge dose, 33 % (n=4/12) survived to the end of the experiment. Interestingly, a high proportion of mice demonstrated a measurable virus-neutralizing antibody response, demonstrating that neutralizing antibody titres do not necessarily correlate with the outcome of infection via the intracerebral route. Assessing the ability of existing rabies vaccines to protect against novel divergent Lyssaviruses is important for the development of future public health strategies.
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Complete Genome Sequence of Lleida Bat Lyssavirus.
Genome announcements, 2017Co-Authors: Denise A. Marston, Conrad Martin Freuling, Ashley C. Banyard, Thomas Müller, Lorraine M. Mcelhinney, Richard J. Ellis, Emma L. Wise, Xavier De Lamballerie, Nidia Aréchiga-ceballos, Anthony R FooksAbstract:All Lyssaviruses (family Rhabdoviridae) cause the disease rabies, an acute progressive encephalitis for which, once symptoms occur, there is no effective cure. Using next-generation sequencing, the full-genome sequence for a novel Lyssavirus, Lleida bat Lyssavirus (LLEBV), from the original brain of a common bent-winged bat has been confirmed.
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Identification of rhabdoviral sequences in oropharyngeal swabs from German and Danish bats
Virology Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Melina Fischer, Conrad Martin Freuling, Juliane Schatz, Martin Beer, Thomas Müller, Thomas Bruun Rasmussen, Mariann Chriel, Anne Balkema-buschmann, Bernd HoffmannAbstract:Background In the frame of active Lyssavirus surveillance in bats, oropharyngeal swabs from German (N = 2297) and Danish (N = 134) insectivorous bats were investigated using a newly developed generic pan-Lyssavirus real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR). Findings In total, 15 RT-qPCR positive swabs were detected. Remarkably, sequencing of positive samples did not confirm the presence of bat associated Lyssaviruses but revealed nine distinct novel rhabdovirus-related sequences. Conclusions Several novel rhabdovirus-related sequences were detected both in German and Danish insectivorous bats. The results also prove that the novel generic pan-Lyssavirus RT-qPCR offers a very broad detection range that allows the collection of further valuable data concerning the broad and complex diversity within the family Rhabdoviridae .
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Cross-neutralization of antibodies induced by vaccination with Purified Chick Embryo Cell Vaccine (PCECV) against different Lyssavirus species.
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 2014Co-Authors: Claudius Malerczyk, Conrad Martin Freuling, Dieter Gniel, Alexandra Giesen, Thomas Selhorst, Thomas MüllerAbstract:Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic disease caused by viruses belonging to the genus Lyssavirus. In endemic countries of Asia and Africa, where the majority of the estimated 60,000 human rabies deaths occur, it is mainly caused by the classical rabies virus (RABV) transmitted by dogs. Over the last decade new species within the genus Lyssavirus have been identified. Meanwhile 15 (proposed or classified) species exist, including Australian bat Lyssavirus (ABLV), European bat Lyssavirus (EBLV-1 and -2), Duvenhage virus (DUVV), as well as Lagos bat virus (LBV) and Mokola virus (MOKV) and recently identified novel species like Bokeloh bat Lyssavirus (BBLV), Ikoma bat Lyssavirus (IKOV) or Lleida bat Lyssavirus (LLBV). The majority of these Lyssavirus species are found in bat reservoirs and some have caused human infection and deaths. Previous work has demonstrated that Purified Chick Embryo Cell Rabies Vaccine (PCECV) not only induces immune responses against classical RABV, but also elicits cross-neutr...
Charles E Rupprecht - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ikoma Lyssavirus highly divergent novel Lyssavirus in an african civet
Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2012Co-Authors: Denise A. Marston, Ashley C. Banyard, Daniel L Horton, Charles E Rupprecht, Chanasa Ngeleja, Katie Hampson, Lorraine M. Mcelhinney, Daniel T Haydon, Sarah Cleaveland, Machunde BigamboAbstract:Evidence in support of a novel Lyssavirus was obtained from brain samples of an African civet in Tanzania. Results of phylogenetic analysis of nucleoprotein gene sequences from representative Lyssavirus species and this novel Lyssavirus provided strong empirical evidence that this is a new Lyssavirus species, designated Ikoma Lyssavirus.
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Phylogeny of Lagos bat virus: challenges for Lyssavirus taxonomy.
Virus research, 2008Co-Authors: Wanda Markotter, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Charles E Rupprecht, Louis Hendrik NelAbstract:Lagos bat virus (LBV) belongs to genotype 2 of the Lyssavirus genus. The complete nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrixprotein (M) and glycoprotein (G) genes of 13 LBV isolates were sequenced and phylogenetically compared with other Lyssavirus representatives. The results identified three different lineages of LBV. One of these lineages demonstrated sufficient sequence diversity to be considered a new Lyssavirus genotype (Dakar bat Lyssavirus). The suggested quantitative separation of Lyssavirus genotypes using the N, P, M and G genes was also investigated using P-distances matrixes. Results indicated that the current criteria should be revised since overlaps between intergenotypic and intragenotypic variation occur.
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Survey for Bat Lyssaviruses, Thailand
Emerging infectious diseases, 2005Co-Authors: Boonlert Lumlertdacha, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Kalyanee Boongird, Sawai Wanghongsa, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Lawan Chanhome, P. Khawplod, Thiravat Hemachudha, Charles E RupprechtAbstract:Surveillance for Lyssaviruses was conducted among bat populations in 8 provinces in Thailand. In 2002 and 2003, a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured and released after serum collection. Lyssavirus infection was determined by conducting virus neutralization assays on bat serum samples. Of collected samples, 538 were either hemolysed or insufficient in volume, which left 394 suitable for analysis. These samples included the following: Pteropus lylei (n = 335), Eonycteris spelaea (n = 45), Hipposideros armiger (n = 13), and Rousettus leschennaulti (n = 1). No serum samples had evidence of neutralizing antibodies when tested against rabies virus. However, 16 samples had detectable neutralizing antibodies against Aravan virus, Khujand virus, Irkut virus, or Australian bat Lyssavirus; all were specifically associated with fruit bats P. lylei (n = 15) and E. spelaea (n = 1). These results are consistent with the presence of naturally occurring viruses related to new putative Lyssavirus genotypes.
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Serologic evidence of Lyssavirus infections among bats, the Philippines.
Emerging infectious diseases, 2002Co-Authors: Paul M. Arguin, Kristy Murray-lillibridge, Mary Elizabeth Miranda, Jean S. Smith, Alan B. Calaor, Charles E RupprechtAbstract:Active surveillance for Lyssaviruses was conducted among populations of bats in the Philippines. The presence of past or current Lyssavirus infection was determined by use of direct fluorescent antibody assays on bat brains and virus neutralization assays on bat sera. Although no bats were found to have active infection with a Lyssavirus, 22 had evidence of neutralizing antibody against the Australian bat Lyssavirus (ABLV). Seropositivity was statistically associated with one species of bat, Miniopterus schreibersi. Results from the virus neutralization assays are consistent with the presence in the Philippines of a naturally occurring Lyssavirus related to ABLV. uring the past decade, bats have been associated with a number of newly recognized zoonotic agents, including Hendra, Menangle, Nipah, and Ebola viruses and the Australian bat Lyssavirus (ABLV) (1-5). ABLV and classic Rabies virus (RABV) are members of the genus Lyssavirus. These viruses are genetically similar and cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in infected mammals. In the United States, where endemic canine rabies has been eliminated through vaccination and animal control, bat-associated variants of RABV have accounted for 24 (75%) of the 32 cases of human rabies reported since 1990 (6,7). Of the nearly 30,000 laboratoryconfirmed cases of animal rabies reported worldwide in 1997, 4% were in bats (8). However, not all countries are included in this survey, and surveillance methods vary between countries included in the compilation. Bat-associated rabies cases in humans are likely underreported in this global surveillance report because not all countries report a history of animal exposure or type the virus variants. In the Philippines, where approximately 350 cases of human rabies are diagnosed clinically each year, attribution of the animal associated with the exposure is based on history (8). Previous surveys for rabies in Philippine bats conducted in the 1950s and 1960s failed to document active rabies infection in the animals examined (9,10). The increasingly recognized role of bats in the global maintenance and transmission of viral infections, the recent discovery of rabies among bats in Australia, and the unknown proportion of rabies cases in Southeast Asia potentially attributable to bats prompted this initiation of active surveillance for Lyssaviruses in Philippine bat populations. Methods
