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M L Galyean - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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review traditional and alternative sources of fiber Roughage values effectiveness and levels in starting and finishing diets
The Professional Animal Scientist, 2014Co-Authors: M L Galyean, M E HubbertAbstract:Roughage plays a vital role in ruminant diets. This review considered the effects of Roughage in diets for newly received cattle, the physical and physiological effects of Roughage in feedlot cattle diets, the use of NDF as a means of assessing the Roughage value for feedlot cattle, and potential alternatives to traditional Roughages and Roughage feeding practices. In newly received, stressed cattle, a meta-analysis from trials conducted at a single location indicated that receiving period morbidity (percentage of cattle pulled and treated for bovine respiratory disease) decreased slightly as Roughage level increased. Nonetheless, increasing Roughage level decreased receiving period ADG and G:F; therefore, unless cattle are able to compensate at later stages of the feeding period, the small decrease in morbidity with added Roughage might be offset by decreased performance. For growing-finishing cattle, a meta-analysis indicated that intakes of DM and NEg increased linearly as dietary NDF concentration increased over a range of approximately 7.5 to 35% NDF. Both Roughage and total dietary NDF were effective for determining the relative value of different Roughage sources to achieve equal DMI in beef feedlot diets. Fiber in by-product feeds, such as wet corn gluten feed and distillers grains, dilute grain starch and might have the ability to substitute, in part, for traditional Roughage; however, NDF concentration of these by-products is not an effective measure of Roughage equivalency. Altering methods of Roughage delivery, such as feeding a lower level of dietary Roughage with intermittent delivery of additional dietary Roughage or coarser forms of Roughages that stimulate chewing or alter digesta passage rate, might provide a means of decreasing overall Roughage use without compromising animal health and performance, but research is needed to test the merits of these approaches. Significant research questions remain to be addressed before we fully understand the chemical, physiological, and physical roles of Roughage in feedlot diets.
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REVIEW: Traditional and alternative sources of fiber—Roughage values, effectiveness, and levels in starting and finishing diets
The Professional Animal Scientist, 2014Co-Authors: M L Galyean, M E HubbertAbstract:Roughage plays a vital role in ruminant diets. This review considered the effects of Roughage in diets for newly received cattle, the physical and physiological effects of Roughage in feedlot cattle diets, the use of NDF as a means of assessing the Roughage value for feedlot cattle, and potential alternatives to traditional Roughages and Roughage feeding practices. In newly received, stressed cattle, a meta-analysis from trials conducted at a single location indicated that receiving period morbidity (percentage of cattle pulled and treated for bovine respiratory disease) decreased slightly as Roughage level increased. Nonetheless, increasing Roughage level decreased receiving period ADG and G:F; therefore, unless cattle are able to compensate at later stages of the feeding period, the small decrease in morbidity with added Roughage might be offset by decreased performance. For growing-finishing cattle, a meta-analysis indicated that intakes of DM and NEg increased linearly as dietary NDF concentration increased over a range of approximately 7.5 to 35% NDF. Both Roughage and total dietary NDF were effective for determining the relative value of different Roughage sources to achieve equal DMI in beef feedlot diets. Fiber in by-product feeds, such as wet corn gluten feed and distillers grains, dilute grain starch and might have the ability to substitute, in part, for traditional Roughage; however, NDF concentration of these by-products is not an effective measure of Roughage equivalency. Altering methods of Roughage delivery, such as feeding a lower level of dietary Roughage with intermittent delivery of additional dietary Roughage or coarser forms of Roughages that stimulate chewing or alter digesta passage rate, might provide a means of decreasing overall Roughage use without compromising animal health and performance, but research is needed to test the merits of these approaches. Significant research questions remain to be addressed before we fully understand the chemical, physiological, and physical roles of Roughage in feedlot diets.
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effects of Roughage source and distillers grain concentration on beef cattle finishing performance carcass characteristics and in vitro fermentation
Journal of Animal Science, 2011Co-Authors: M.j. Quinn, S L Parr, M. L. May, C. H. Ponce, N Dilorenzo, D R Smith, M L GalyeanAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of wet distillers grains plus solubles (DG) and Roughage source on finishing cattle performance, carcass characteristics, and in vitro fermentation. In Exp. 1, crossbred beef steers (n=224, initial BW=349 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 + 1 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets were a standard steam-flaked corn (SFC)-based control (no DG and 10% alfalfa hay), and either 15 or 30% DG (DM basis) with Roughage sources of alfalfa hay (15-AH and 30-AH), Coastal bermudagrass hay (15-BG and 30-BG), or sorghum silage (15-SS and 30-SS). Within each DG concentration, Roughages provided an equivalent percentage of NDF to 7.5% AH. Steers consuming 15% DG had greater (P 0.14). Overall, feeding 15% DG in SFC-based diets increased ADG, BW, and HCW relative to 30% DG. In addition, feeding AH tended to decrease ADG, final BW, and HCW relative to the other 2 Roughage sources, whereas BG improved G:F over SS. These data suggest that including the smaller amount of DG and BG as the Roughage source resulted in improved performance relative to other combinations, and that substituting Roughages on the basis of equivalent NDF concentration might not be ideal for optimizing performance when feeding SFC-based finishing diets that contain DG.
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effects of wet corn gluten feed and Roughage levels on performance carcass characteristics and feeding behavior of feedlot cattle
Journal of Animal Science, 2007Co-Authors: C H Parsons, R. S. Swingle, G A Nunnery, G B Salyer, J T Vasconcelos, P J Defoor, M L GalyeanAbstract:: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and dietary Roughage on performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior of feedlot cattle fed diets based on steam-flaked corn (SFC). In Exp. 1, crossbred steers (n = 200; BW = 314 kg) were fed 4 dietary treatments (DM basis): a standard SFC-based diet containing 9% Roughage (CON) and 3 SFC-based diets containing 40% WCGF, with either 9, 4.5, or 0% Roughage. A linear (P = 0.04) increase in final BW and DMI (P 0.10) from those of steers fed WCGF. Based on feed disappearance and visual scan data, consumption rate did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatments; however, feeding intensity (animals present at the bunk after feeding) was greater for steers fed CON (P < 0.01) than for steers fed WCGF. In Exp. 2, yearling crossbred steers (n = 1,983; BW = 339 kg) were fed 4 dietary treatments (DM basis): a standard SFC-based control diet that contained 9% Roughage (CON) and 3 SFC-based diets containing either 20% WCGF and 9% Roughage or 40% WCGF with 9 or 4.5% Roughage. Steers fed the CON diet tended to have lower final BW (P = 0.14), ADG (P = 0.01), and DMI (P < 0.01) than steers fed diets containing WCGF. Steers fed the 20% WCGF diet had greater (P = 0.08) G:F than steers fed the 40% WCGF diets. With 40% WCGF, increasing Roughage from 4.5 to 9% decreased (P < 0.01) G:F and increased (P = 0.06) DMI. Gain efficiency was improved (P < 0.01) for steers fed CON vs. those fed diets containing WCGF, whereas HCW (P = 0.02) and dressing percentage (P < 0.01) were greater for steers fed WCGF. Percentage of cattle grading USDA Choice was greater (P = 0.02) for cattle fed WCGF. Results suggest that replacing SFC with up to 40% WCGF increased ADG and decreased G:F when 4.5 to 9.0% Roughage was supplied. More CON steers were present at the feed bunk during the first hour after feeding than WCGF steers, suggesting that including WCGF at 40% of the diet affected feeding behavior.
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review dietary Roughage concentration and health of newly received cattle
The Professional Animal Scientist, 2005Co-Authors: J D Rivera, M L Galyean, W T NicholsAbstract:Abstract Receiving cattle into feedlot or back-grounding facilities is a critical activity with respect to cattle health and performance. Because the receiving period is crucial to the economic outcome of cattle feeding, the opposing strategies of starting cattle on higher vs. lower Roughage diets continue to be debated in the cattle feeding industry. The rationale for starting cattle on a high Roughage diet is based on the perceived advantage of decreasing mortality and morbidity, as these two aspects of cattle health can affect overall economics markedly. Conversely, the rationale for starting cattle on a diet with less Roughage and more concentrate is based on the perceived improvement in performance and, thereby, increased profitability. Nonetheless, concerns that lower Roughage diets negatively affect receiving period morbidity have been noted in both industry and research settings. In this review, we used mixed model regression methods on research data generated at one location over several years to evaluate the relationship between dietary Roughage concentration (DM basis) and receiving period morbidity, ADG, and DMI. Morbidity from bovine respiratory disease ( BRD ) decreased slightly as dietary Roughage concentration increased [morbidity (%) = 49.59 − 0.0675 × Roughage (%); P = 0.003], whereas ADG [ADG (kg) = 1.17 − 0.0089 × Roughage (%); P
L O Tedeschi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from Roughage in beef cattle diets comparison of methods to measure the effectiveness of fiber
Journal of Animal Science, 2020Co-Authors: R S Goulart, L O Tedeschi, Ricardo Augusto Mendonca Vieira, J L P Daniel, Rafael Camargo Do Amaral, Vanessa Pillon Dos Santos, Sergio Gil De Toledo Filho, E H Cabezasgarcia, Luiz Gustavo NussioAbstract:Methods have been developed to measure the effectiveness of many Roughages, but few evaluations have been conducted with tropical feeds. The objectives of this research were to determine the effectiveness of Roughage sources based on bioassay and laboratory methods and identify the biological attributes of the diets that correlate with these methods. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design within six diets: negative control diet (NC) with aNDF as 10% from corn silage (CS); positive control diet (PC) with aNDF as 20% from CS; and four diets containing 10% aNDF from CS and 10% aNDF from each of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). Physical effectiveness factor (pef, related to the physical characteristics of aNDF) and effectiveness factor (ef, related to the ruminal pH) were determined based on a linear model approach that uses a bioassay method in which CS aNDF was assumed to be the standard fiber source. Laboratory methods to estimate pef of Roughage sources were based on the proportion of DM of Roughage retained on a 1.18-mm sieve pef(>1.18 mm) or retained on the 8.0-mm Penn State Particle Separator screen pef(>8.0 mm). The pef calculated by the bioassay method (total chewing time and ruminal mat resistance) for CS, SCB, and SC were higher values (P 0.05) between pef(>8.0 mm) and rumination time, chewing time, and ruminal pH. The pef calculated using the bioassay method as well as pef (>8.0 mm) were negatively correlated with rumen pH (P > 0.05). The values of the effectiveness of fiber sources obtained in this research can be used as a guideline for nutritionists aiming to replace Roughage sources from tropical regions in beef cattle finishing diets. Under our conditions, the pef using the bioassay method or laboratory methods were not adequate in predicting ruminal pH.
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effects of Roughage inclusion and particle size on digestion and ruminal fermentation characteristics of beef steers
Journal of Animal Science, 2017Co-Authors: C P Weiss, L O Tedeschi, W W Gentry, C M Meredith, B E Meyer, N A Cole, F T Mccollum, J S JenningsAbstract:: Roughage is fed in finishing diets to promote ruminal health and decrease digestive upset, but the inclusion rate is limited because of the cost per unit of energy and feed management issues. Rumination behavior of cattle may be a means to standardize Roughage in beef cattle finishing diets, and increasing the particle size of Roughage could modulate the ruminal environment and aid in maintaining ruminal pH. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to determine the effects of corn stalk (CS) inclusion rate and particle size in finishing diets on digestibility, rumination, and ruminal fermentation characteristics of beef steers. Four ruminally cannulated steers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with treatments consisting of 5% inclusion of a short-grind Roughage (5SG), 10% inclusion of a short-grind Roughage (10SG), 5% inclusion of a long-grind Roughage (5LG), and 10% inclusion of a long-grind Roughage (10LG). Differences in particle size were obtained by grinding corn stalks once (LG) or twice (SG) using a commercial tub grinder equipped with a 7.6-cm screen and quantified using the Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) to estimate physically effective NDF (peNDF). Each period included 14 d for adaptation and 4 d for diet, fecal, and ruminal fluid collections. Animals were outfitted with rumination monitoring collars to continuously measure rumination activity. The 10LG treatment had a greater ( < 0.01) percentage of large particles (retained on the top 3 sieves of the PSPS) compared to the other treatments. This resulted in a greater ( < 0.01) percentage of estimated peNDF for the 10LG diet compared to the others. Feeding diets containing 5% Roughage tended to increase ( ≤ 0.09) DM, NDF, and starch total tract digestibility compared to diets containing 10% Roughage. Cattle consuming LG treatments had greater ( < 0.01) rumination time and greater ( < 0.01) ruminal pH than cattle consuming diets containing SG Roughage. Cattle receiving the 5% inclusion rate of Roughage tended to have greater ( = 0.09) time (h/d) under a ruminal pH of 5.6 and a larger ( = 0.03) area under the threshold compared to cattle receiving the 10% Roughage treatments. Overall, feeding a lower inclusion of Roughage with a larger particle size may stimulate rumination and aid in ruminal buffering similar to that of a higher inclusion of Roughage with a smaller particle size, without negatively impacting digestibility and fermentation.
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energy efficiency of growing ram lambs fed concentrate based diets with different Roughage sources
Journal of Animal Science, 2014Co-Authors: D B Galvani, Alexandre Vaz Pires, Ivanete Susin, Vinicius N Gouvea, A Berndt, L J Chagas, J R R Dorea, Adibe Luiz Abdalla, L O TedeschiAbstract:: Poor-quality Roughages are widely used as fiber sources in concentrate-based diets for ruminants. Because Roughage quality is associated with the efficiency of energy use in forage-based diets, the objective of this study was to determine whether differing the Roughage source in concentrate-based diets could change the energy requirements of growing lambs. Eighty-four 1/2 Dorper × 1/2 Santa Ines ram lambs (18.0 ± 3.3 kg BW) were individually penned and divided into 2 groups according to primary source of dietary Roughage: low-quality Roughage (LQR; sugarcane bagasse) or medium-quality Roughage (MQR; coastcross hay). Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (2.6% N) and to meet 20% of physically effective NDF. After a 10-d ad libitum adaptation period, 7 lambs from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered (baseline). Twenty-one lambs in each diet group were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 25, 35, or 45 kg BW. The remaining 28 lambs (14 from each diet group) were submitted to 1 of 2 levels of feed restriction: 70% or 50% of the ad libitum intake. Retentions of body fat, N, and energy were determined. Additionally, 6 ram lambs (44.3 ± 5.6 kg BW) were kept in metabolic cages and used in a 6 × 6 Latin square experiment designed to establish the ME content of the 2 diets at the 3 levels of DM intake. There was no effect of intake level on diet ME content, but it was greater in the diet with LQR than in the diet with MQR (3.18 vs. 2.94 Mcal/kg, respectively; P < 0.01). Lambs fed the diet with LQR had greater body fat (g/kg of empty BW) and energy concentrations (kcal/kg of empty BW) because of a larger visceral fat deposition (P < 0.05). Using a low-quality Roughage as a primary source of forage in a concentrate-based diet for growing lambs did not change NEm and the efficiency of ME use for maintenance, which averaged 71.6 kcal/kg(0.75) of shrunk BW and 0.63, respectively. On the other hand, the greater nonfibrous carbohydrate content of the diet with LQR resulted in a 17% better efficiency of ME use for gain (P < 0.01), which was associated with a greater partial efficiency of energy retention as fat (P < 0.01). This increased nutritional efficiency, however, should be viewed with caution because it is related to visceral fat deposition, a nonedible tissue.
G A Nunnery - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of calcium magnesium carbonate and Roughage level on feedlot performance ruminal metabolism and site and extent of digestion in steers fed high grain diets
Journal of Animal Science, 2008Co-Authors: G I Crawford, Galen E Erickson, C D Keeler, J D Wagner, C R Krehbiel, M B Crombie, G A NunneryAbstract:: A feedlot growth performance experiment and 2 metabolism experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary Roughage concentration and calcium magnesium carbonate in steers fed a high-grain diet. In Exp. 1, one hundred ninety-two crossbred yearling steers (320 +/- 10 kg of initial BW) were fed diets based on steam-flaked corn with 0, 0.75, or 1.5% CaMg(CO(3))(2). There were no effects (P > or = 0.13) on ADG, DMI, G:F, or total water intake due to CaMg(CO(3))(2). In Exp. 2, five ruminally and duodenally fistulated steers (263 +/- 9 kg of initial BW) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design, with 5 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial: 1) 3.8% dietary Roughage and no CaMg(CO(3))(2); 2) 7.6% dietary Roughage and no CaMg(CO(3))(2); 3) 11.4% dietary Roughage and no CaMg(CO(3))(2); 4) 3.8% dietary Roughage and 1.5% CaMg(CO(3))(2); and 5) 7.6% dietary Roughage and 1.5% CaMg(CO(3))(2). Water consumption was less (quadratic, P = 0.003) when 7.6% dietary Roughage was fed compared with 3.8 or 11.4% dietary Roughage. Intake of DM was not affected (P > or = 0.16) by dietary Roughage or by CaMg(CO(3))(2). Poststomach and total tract starch digestion decreased (linear, P < 0.01) as dietary Roughage increased. Ruminal pH tended (P = 0.08) to increase as dietary Roughage increased but was not affected (P = 0.60) by CaMg(CO(3))(2). In Exp. 3, DMI and ruminal pH were continuously monitored in a 6 x 6 Latin square design using 6 ruminally and duodenally fistulated Holstein steers (229 +/- 10 kg of initial BW). A 3 x 2 factorial treatment structure was utilized, with factors consisting of dietary Roughage concentration (4.5, 9.0, or 13.5%) and CaMg(CO(3))(2) inclusion (0 or 1.0%) to replace MgO and partially replace lime-stone. A dietary Roughage x CaMg(CO(3))(2) interaction (P = 0.01) occurred as steers consuming 13.5% Roughage, 1.0% CaMg(CO(3))(2) had greater DMI per meal than those consuming 4.5% dietary Roughage, no CaMg(CO(3))(2) and 9.0% dietary Roughage, 1.0% CaMg(CO(3))(2). Steers consuming 13.5% dietary Roughage, 1.0% CaMg(CO(3))(2) and 9.0% dietary Roughage, no CaMg(CO(3))(2) had greater meal length (min/meal; P = 0.01) than steers consuming 4.5% dietary Roughage, no CaMg(CO(3))(2). Total tract OM digestibility decreased linearly (P = 0.01), and ruminal pH increased linearly (P = 0.01) with increasing dietary Roughage concentration. Inclusion of CaMg(CO(3))(2) can replace limestone and MgO but did not produce ruminal pH responses similar to those observed by increasing dietary Roughage in high-concentrate diets.
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effects of wet corn gluten feed and Roughage levels on performance carcass characteristics and feeding behavior of feedlot cattle
Journal of Animal Science, 2007Co-Authors: C H Parsons, R. S. Swingle, G A Nunnery, G B Salyer, J T Vasconcelos, P J Defoor, M L GalyeanAbstract:: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding different levels of wet corn gluten feed (WCGF) and dietary Roughage on performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior of feedlot cattle fed diets based on steam-flaked corn (SFC). In Exp. 1, crossbred steers (n = 200; BW = 314 kg) were fed 4 dietary treatments (DM basis): a standard SFC-based diet containing 9% Roughage (CON) and 3 SFC-based diets containing 40% WCGF, with either 9, 4.5, or 0% Roughage. A linear (P = 0.04) increase in final BW and DMI (P 0.10) from those of steers fed WCGF. Based on feed disappearance and visual scan data, consumption rate did not differ (P > 0.10) among treatments; however, feeding intensity (animals present at the bunk after feeding) was greater for steers fed CON (P < 0.01) than for steers fed WCGF. In Exp. 2, yearling crossbred steers (n = 1,983; BW = 339 kg) were fed 4 dietary treatments (DM basis): a standard SFC-based control diet that contained 9% Roughage (CON) and 3 SFC-based diets containing either 20% WCGF and 9% Roughage or 40% WCGF with 9 or 4.5% Roughage. Steers fed the CON diet tended to have lower final BW (P = 0.14), ADG (P = 0.01), and DMI (P < 0.01) than steers fed diets containing WCGF. Steers fed the 20% WCGF diet had greater (P = 0.08) G:F than steers fed the 40% WCGF diets. With 40% WCGF, increasing Roughage from 4.5 to 9% decreased (P < 0.01) G:F and increased (P = 0.06) DMI. Gain efficiency was improved (P < 0.01) for steers fed CON vs. those fed diets containing WCGF, whereas HCW (P = 0.02) and dressing percentage (P < 0.01) were greater for steers fed WCGF. Percentage of cattle grading USDA Choice was greater (P = 0.02) for cattle fed WCGF. Results suggest that replacing SFC with up to 40% WCGF increased ADG and decreased G:F when 4.5 to 9.0% Roughage was supplied. More CON steers were present at the feed bunk during the first hour after feeding than WCGF steers, suggesting that including WCGF at 40% of the diet affected feeding behavior.
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effects of Roughage source and concentration on intake and performance by finishing heifers
Journal of Animal Science, 2002Co-Authors: Paul J. Defoor, M L Galyean, G A Nunnery, G B Salyer, C H ParsonsAbstract:Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Roughage source and concentration on intake and performance by finishing heifers. In Exp. 1, 12 medium-framed beef heifers (average BW = 389 kg) were used in three simultaneous 4 x 4 Latin square intake trials to evaluate the effects of dietary NDF supply from alfalfa hay, sudan hay, wheat straw, or cottonseed hulls fed in each Latin square at 5, 10, or 15% of dietary DM. Within each Roughage concentration, Roughage NDF accounted for the majority of variation in NEg intake/kg of BW 0.75 among the Roughage sources. Averaged across Roughage concentrations, NEg intake/kg of BW 0.75 tended to be greater (P 0.10) among Roughage sources, which we interpreted to suggest that 90% concentrate diets containing alfalfa, cottonseed hulls, and sudan silage do not differ in the amount of chewing required during eating. In Exp. 3, 105 medium-framed beef heifers (average BW = 275 kg) were used in a 140-d finishing trial to evaluate three methods of dietary Roughage exchange. Alfalfa at 12.5% of the dietary DM (ALF12.5) was used as a standard, and cottonseed hulls and sudan silage were each fed at three different levels: exchanged with ALF12.5 on an equal percentage DM basis, an equal NDF basis, or an equal NDF basis, where only NDF from particles larger than 2.36 mm (retained NDF) were considered to contribute to the NDF. No differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, DMI, gain:feed ratio, or NE g intake/kg of BW 0.75 were detected between alfalfa and cottonseed hulls exchanged on an equal NDF basis. For sudan silage, exchanging with ALF12.5 on an equal retained NDF basis resulted in no differences (P > 0.10) in ADG, DMI, or NEg intake/ kg of BW 0.75 . These data provide a preliminary indication that depending on the Roughage sources evaluated, Roughage NDF content and(or) Roughage NDF from particles larger than 2.36 mm might provide a useful index of Roughage value in high-concentrate finishing diets.
G I Crawford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of dietary Roughage and sulfur in diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles on hydrogen sulfide production and fermentation by rumen microbes in vitro
Journal of Animal Science, 2016Co-Authors: E Binversie, G I Crawford, M Ruizmoreno, A J Carpenter, Bradley J Heins, A Dicostanzo, M D SternAbstract:: Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) have been used in production animal diets; however, overuse of DDGS can cause toxic concentrations of ruminal hydrogen sulfide gas (HS), resulting in polioencephalomalacia, a deleterious brain disease. Because HS gas requires an acidic rumen environment and diet can influence ruminal pH, it has been postulated that dietary manipulation could help mitigate HS production. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary Roughage and sulfur concentrations on HS production and rumen fermentation. In Exp. 1, 7 dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in 4 consecutive 9-d periods consisting of 6 d of adaptation followed by 3 d of sampling. At the conclusion of each 9-d continuous culture period, adapted rumen fluid was used for inoculation of 24-h batch culture incubations for Exp. 2. For both experiments, 6 dietary treatments were formulated to consist of 0.3%, 0.4%, or 0.5% dietary sulfur (LS, MS, and HS, respectively) and 3% or 9% dietary Roughage (LR and MR, respectively), using grass hay as the Roughage source. A corn-based diet without DDGS was used as a control diet. Headspace gas was sampled to determine HS production and concentration. In Exp. 1, greater dietary Roughage had no effect ( = 0.14) on HS production but did create a less acidic environment because of an increase ( < 0.01) in the in vitro pH. In Exp. 2, an increase in dietary sulfur caused an increase ( = 0.04) in ruminal HS production, but there was no direct effect ( = 0.25) of dietary Roughage on HS production. Greater dietary Roughage resulted in a less ( = 0.01) acidic final batch culture pH but a lower ( < 0.01) total VFA concentration. Further investigation is needed to determine a more effective way to mitigate ruminal HS production using dietary manipulation, which could include greater inclusion of dietary Roughage or the use of different Roughage sources.
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effects of calcium magnesium carbonate and Roughage level on feedlot performance ruminal metabolism and site and extent of digestion in steers fed high grain diets
Journal of Animal Science, 2008Co-Authors: G I Crawford, Galen E Erickson, C D Keeler, J D Wagner, C R Krehbiel, M B Crombie, G A NunneryAbstract:: A feedlot growth performance experiment and 2 metabolism experiments were conducted to evaluate dietary Roughage concentration and calcium magnesium carbonate in steers fed a high-grain diet. In Exp. 1, one hundred ninety-two crossbred yearling steers (320 +/- 10 kg of initial BW) were fed diets based on steam-flaked corn with 0, 0.75, or 1.5% CaMg(CO(3))(2). There were no effects (P > or = 0.13) on ADG, DMI, G:F, or total water intake due to CaMg(CO(3))(2). In Exp. 2, five ruminally and duodenally fistulated steers (263 +/- 9 kg of initial BW) were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design, with 5 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 + 1 factorial: 1) 3.8% dietary Roughage and no CaMg(CO(3))(2); 2) 7.6% dietary Roughage and no CaMg(CO(3))(2); 3) 11.4% dietary Roughage and no CaMg(CO(3))(2); 4) 3.8% dietary Roughage and 1.5% CaMg(CO(3))(2); and 5) 7.6% dietary Roughage and 1.5% CaMg(CO(3))(2). Water consumption was less (quadratic, P = 0.003) when 7.6% dietary Roughage was fed compared with 3.8 or 11.4% dietary Roughage. Intake of DM was not affected (P > or = 0.16) by dietary Roughage or by CaMg(CO(3))(2). Poststomach and total tract starch digestion decreased (linear, P < 0.01) as dietary Roughage increased. Ruminal pH tended (P = 0.08) to increase as dietary Roughage increased but was not affected (P = 0.60) by CaMg(CO(3))(2). In Exp. 3, DMI and ruminal pH were continuously monitored in a 6 x 6 Latin square design using 6 ruminally and duodenally fistulated Holstein steers (229 +/- 10 kg of initial BW). A 3 x 2 factorial treatment structure was utilized, with factors consisting of dietary Roughage concentration (4.5, 9.0, or 13.5%) and CaMg(CO(3))(2) inclusion (0 or 1.0%) to replace MgO and partially replace lime-stone. A dietary Roughage x CaMg(CO(3))(2) interaction (P = 0.01) occurred as steers consuming 13.5% Roughage, 1.0% CaMg(CO(3))(2) had greater DMI per meal than those consuming 4.5% dietary Roughage, no CaMg(CO(3))(2) and 9.0% dietary Roughage, 1.0% CaMg(CO(3))(2). Steers consuming 13.5% dietary Roughage, 1.0% CaMg(CO(3))(2) and 9.0% dietary Roughage, no CaMg(CO(3))(2) had greater meal length (min/meal; P = 0.01) than steers consuming 4.5% dietary Roughage, no CaMg(CO(3))(2). Total tract OM digestibility decreased linearly (P = 0.01), and ruminal pH increased linearly (P = 0.01) with increasing dietary Roughage concentration. Inclusion of CaMg(CO(3))(2) can replace limestone and MgO but did not produce ruminal pH responses similar to those observed by increasing dietary Roughage in high-concentrate diets.
M D Stern - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of dietary Roughage and sulfur in diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles on hydrogen sulfide production and fermentation by rumen microbes in vitro
Journal of Animal Science, 2016Co-Authors: E Binversie, G I Crawford, M Ruizmoreno, A J Carpenter, Bradley J Heins, A Dicostanzo, M D SternAbstract:: Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) have been used in production animal diets; however, overuse of DDGS can cause toxic concentrations of ruminal hydrogen sulfide gas (HS), resulting in polioencephalomalacia, a deleterious brain disease. Because HS gas requires an acidic rumen environment and diet can influence ruminal pH, it has been postulated that dietary manipulation could help mitigate HS production. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of dietary Roughage and sulfur concentrations on HS production and rumen fermentation. In Exp. 1, 7 dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used in 4 consecutive 9-d periods consisting of 6 d of adaptation followed by 3 d of sampling. At the conclusion of each 9-d continuous culture period, adapted rumen fluid was used for inoculation of 24-h batch culture incubations for Exp. 2. For both experiments, 6 dietary treatments were formulated to consist of 0.3%, 0.4%, or 0.5% dietary sulfur (LS, MS, and HS, respectively) and 3% or 9% dietary Roughage (LR and MR, respectively), using grass hay as the Roughage source. A corn-based diet without DDGS was used as a control diet. Headspace gas was sampled to determine HS production and concentration. In Exp. 1, greater dietary Roughage had no effect ( = 0.14) on HS production but did create a less acidic environment because of an increase ( < 0.01) in the in vitro pH. In Exp. 2, an increase in dietary sulfur caused an increase ( = 0.04) in ruminal HS production, but there was no direct effect ( = 0.25) of dietary Roughage on HS production. Greater dietary Roughage resulted in a less ( = 0.01) acidic final batch culture pH but a lower ( < 0.01) total VFA concentration. Further investigation is needed to determine a more effective way to mitigate ruminal HS production using dietary manipulation, which could include greater inclusion of dietary Roughage or the use of different Roughage sources.
